The introductory chapter of this book presents the concepts of the bene?ts inherent in the study of comparative approach for an effective counterterrorism response on the local law enforcement level and overviews the inception of the project. Throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-?rst century, especially after the events of September 11, 2001, the legitimacy of law enforcement practices has been cited as a major concern for international criminal justice. As policing pr- titioners and scholars throughout the world shifted focus from a traditional reactive, crime control stance to the need for accountability mechanisms to ensure the s- port of citizenry in combating crime and terrorism, the democratization of policing was seen as the best mechanism for achieving long-term gains in public order at the same time as protecting human rights. While the need to maintain human rights remains an important issue, balancing these concerns with the important public safety interests of societies is paramount.

M.R. Haberfeld is a Professor of Police Science in the Department of Law, Police Science and Criminal Justice Administration at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. She was born in Poland and immigrated to Israel as a teenager. Prior to coming to John Jay, she served in Israeli Defense Forces, in a counter-terrorist unit and left the army at the rank of a Sergeant; she then joined the Israel National Police, and left the force at the rank of Lieutenant. She also worked for the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, in the New York Field Office, as a special consultant. She holds two Bachelor of Art degrees, two Master degrees, and a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice. Her main interests and expertise are in the area of police training and professional development, with particular emphasis on: police ethics, integrity, leadership, counter-terrorism and use of force in multicultural environments. Her recent publications include a book on police training, titled Critical Issues in Police Training (2002), a co-edited book titled Contours of Police Integrity (2004) Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement, the International Volume (2005) Police Leadership (2005), a co-authored book titled Enhancing Police Integrity (2006) and a co-edited book on Comparative Policing: The Struggle for Democratization (2007). She is currently completing a co-edited book, A New Understanding of Terrorism: Case Studies and Analysis (forthcoming fall, 2008). She also recently co-authored two articles on counter-terrorist response: "Proper Proactive Training to Terrorist Presence and Operations in Friendly Urban Environments", in Understanding and Responding to the Terrorism Phenomenon - A Multi-Dimensional Perspective (2007) and "Police Activities to Counter Terrorism: What We Know and What We Need to Know" (forthcoming Fall, 2008). For the past seven years (2001-2008), she has been involved in developing, coordinating and teaching in a special training program for the New York City Police Department, where she teaches courses in police ethics, leadership and counter-terrorism. Currently, she is also an Academic Coordinator of the Law Enforcement Executive Police Institute for the State of New York, where she oversees the delivery of the training modules and teaches leadership courses. She is involved in two major research studies, one on Use of Force by the Police in 10 different countries, and the other Counter-Terrorism police training response post 9/11, which also involves comparative studies of a number of countries around the world. Dr. Joseph King received his Ph.D. from CUNY. His doctoral dissertation was on the history, development and centralization of the police in the United Kingdom and the United States. He served for 33 years as the Supervisory Special Agent in Charge of the Terrorist and Middle East Division, US Customs, NY and 2 years as Chief, National Security Section, DHS, NY. He has extensive Criminal Investigative, Undercover, and Court testimonial experience in the European Union and the Middle East. He joined John Jay College in September, 2003 in the Department of Law, Police Science and Criminal Justice Administration. The works published by Dr. King include, The Development of Modern Police History in the United Kingdom and the United States, Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellon Press (2004). "Police Unions" in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement, Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, 2005. "US Customs Service" in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement, Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, 2005. "Observation on Border Interdiction and Ireland's integration into the EC," Security Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1998. "Reorganization of Irish Customs and the Single Market Agreements of the European Economic Community." Paper presented to the McCabe Foundation, Dublin, Ireland, March 1998. "Case Stu

Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2: The Comparative Approach to Counter-Terrorism Section 1. Countering Terrorism with Community Oriented Policing? Chapter 3: Methodology Section 1. Qualitative versus Quantitative Data Collection Section 2. Focus Groups Chapter 4: United Kingdom and Ireland Section 1. History Section 2. Terrorism Section 3. United Kingdom Law Enforcement Section 3a. Ireland Law Enforcement Section 4. United Kingdom Field Research Section 4a. Ireland Field Research Chapter 5: The Kingdom of the Netherlands (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden) Section 1. History Section 2. Terrorism Section 3. Law Enforcement Section 4. Field Research Chapter 6: The Kingdom of Spain (Rieno de Espana) Section 1. History Section 2. Terrorism Section 3. Law Enforcement Section 4. Field Research Chapter 7: The Kingdom of Sweden (Konungariket Sverige) Section 1. History Section 2. Terrorism Section 3. Law Enforcement Section 4. Field Research Chapter 8: Republic of Turkey (Turkiye Cumhuriyeti) Section 1. History Section 2. Terrorism Section 3. Law Enforcement Section 4. Field Research Chapter 9: Germany Section 1. History Section 2. Terrorism Section 3. Law Enforcement Section 4. Field Research Chapter 10: United States Section 1. History Section 2. Terrorism Section 3. Law Enforcement Section 4. Field Research Chapter 11: Best Practices - Lessons we Learned Section 1. Intelligence File Section 2. Investigation/Interrogation Techniques Chapter 12: Best Practices - Lessons to be Learned Section 1. Conclusion Section 2. Outline of a C-T Training Module Appendix A: IRB Approved Consent Form Appendix B: IRB Review Form