Earth materials encompass the minerals, rocks, soil and water that constitute our planet and the physical, chemical and biological processes that produce them. Since the expansion of computer technology in the last two decades of the twentieth century, many universities have compressed or eliminated individual course offerings such as mineralogy, optical mineralogy, igneous petrology, sedimentology and metamorphic petrology and replaced them with Earth materials courses. Earth materials courses have become an essential curricular component in the fields of geology, geoscience, Earth science, and many related areas of study. This textbook is designed to address the needs of a one- or two-semester Earth materials course, as well as individuals who want or need an expanded background in minerals, rocks, soils and water resources.

Earth Materials, Second Edition, provides:Comprehensive descriptive analysis of Earth materialsColor graphics and insightful text in a logical integrated formatField examples and regional relationships with graphics that illustrate concepts discussedExamples of how concepts discussed can be used to address real world issuesContemporary references from current scientific journals related to developments in Earth materials researchSummative discussions of how Earth materials are interrelated with other science and non-science fields of studyAdditional resources, including detailed descriptions of major rock-forming minerals and keys for identifying minerals using macroscopic and/or optical methods, are available online at www.wiley.com/go/hefferan/earthmaterials

Earth Materials, Second Edition, is an innovative, visually appealing, informative and readable textbook that addresses the full spectrum of Earth materials.

Kevin Hefferan is Associate Professor in the Marine Science, Safety and Environmental Protection Department at Massachusetts Maritime Academy of Buzzards Bay, MA, USA.

John OBrien (retired) worked for 41 years in the Department of Geoscience-Geography (now Earth and Environmental Sciences) at New Jersey City State University.

Preface iv

Acknowledgments vi

About the Companion Website viii

1 Earth materials and the geosphere 1

2 Atoms, elements, bonds, and coordination polyhedra 22

3 Atomic substitution, phase diagrams, and isotopes 50

4 Crystallography 83

5 Mineral properties and rock-forming minerals 120

6 Optical identification of minerals 160

7 Igneous rock texture, composition, and classification 199

8 Magma and intrusive structures 235

9 Volcanic features and landforms 262

10 Igneous rock associations 300

11 Weathering, sediment production, and soils 342

12 The sedimentary cycle: erosion, transportation, deposition, sedimentary structures, and environments 381

13 Detrital sediments and sedimentary rocks 418

14 Biochemical sedimentary rocks 454

15 Metamorphism 503

16 Metamorphism: stress, deformation, and structures 524

17 Texture and classification of metamorphic rocks 554

18 Metamorphic zones, facies, and facies series 578

19 Mineral resources and hazards 619

Index 663