After World War II, Austria was occupied by Soviet, American, British, and French forces. This study provides the history of the treaty that was negotiated in order to end this occupation. In the Moscow Declaration of 1943, the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union had declared that Austria should be liberated from Nazi rule and reconstructed as an independent state. After the war, however, this goal was soon overshadowed by security and power considerations, and then by the Cold War. While the West strove to safeguard Austrias independence from communist expansion, the USSR refused to finalize a treaty and to withdraw from its zone in the eastern part of the country. In the end it took until 1955 to come to an agreement and receive Soviet consent for a treaty. An important Soviet precondition for agreeing to withdraw was Austria becoming a permanently neutral country. The roots of Austrias neutrality as traced in this volume were not only linked to Soviet, but also to Austrian considerations. Based on US, Soviet, British, French, German, Swiss and Austrian documents, the book analyzes the risks, pitfalls and blockades that had to be avoided and overcome before Austria could finally regain its independence and be reconstructed.

Chapter 1: Preconditions and Preparations, 19431947

Chapter 2: The Negotiations Begin, 1947

Chapter 3: The Price of Freedom, 19471950

Chapter 4: From Cold War to Thaw, 195053

Chapter 5: Non-Alignment as the Requisite for Freedom, 195354

Chapter 6: Khrushchev versus Molotovand the Winner is Austria, February to April 1955

Chapter 7: AustriasAnnus Mirabilis, May to December 1955

Conclusion: Austrias International Position, 194555: Options, Choices, and Models