This book analyses the raising of capital imposed by regulatory and  supervisory constraints for the soundness and survival of banks in Europe, highlighting critical issues. Accordingly, the text examines the improvement of risk management and efficiency operated by individual banks as the main driver for reinforcing bank resilience and survival. The investigation is carried out  essentially through study of risk management,  efficiency, capital constraints, bank regulation and supervision in Europe, monetary policy and economic growth in Europe, capital raising in European banks, bank regulation and supervision in the USA, raising of capital or improvement of risk management and efficiency as the final issue.
Raising capital by regulatory and supervisory constraints meets solvency requirements at a given time. In contrast, improving risk management and efficiency allows banks to create the best structural premises for reducing costs,increasing revenue and profits and capital level, contributing to the solvency and survival of banks.

Fabiano Colombini is Full Professor of Economics of Financial Institutions and Markets at the University of Pisa, Italy. He is author of many books and many publications on scientific journals in Italian and in English.

1. Introduction.- 2. Risk management and banking business in Europe.- 3. Credit risk management  and banking business in Europe.- 4. Banking efficiency in Europe.- 5. Capital constraints by regulation in  Europe.- 6. Capital constraints by supervision in Europe.- 7. Bank regulation and supervision in Europe.- 8. Monetary policy, bank supervisory policy and economic growth in Europe.- 9. Capital raising in European banks.- 10. Banking regulation and supervision in  the USA.- 11. Raising capital or improving risk management and efficiency in Europe?.