This book provides a comprehensive overview of difficult decisions encountered within endocrine surgery. Brief uniformly formatted chapters are devoted to answering specific questions relevant to a range of topics across endocrine surgery based upon detailed analysis of available evidence.Topics covered include clinical decision analysis, decision making from the surgeons and patients perspective, using surgery as opposed to observation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, and the use of parathyroid cryopreservation. 
Difficult Decisions in Endocrine Surgery: An Evidence-Based Approach features a wealth of information on ideal approaches for making clinical decisions in selected clinical situations. It is an important and timely resource for all endocrine surgical trainees, fellows, practitioners, educators, and healthcare providers involved in the management of these patients. 

Dr. Peter Angelos is a highly regarded surgeon with extensive experience in surgery of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. He is particularly adept in treating endocrine cancers, including thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenocortical cancers and islet cell tumors of the pancreas. Dr. Angelos also has extensive expertise in medical ethics, and serves as associate director of the University of Chicago MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics. 
Dr. Raymon H. Grogan is a nationally respected board certified surgeon practising in Houston, Texas with a particular interest in Endocrine Surgery. He is the co-author of several national guidelines on endocrine surgery. He is also a pioneer of several novel techniques for operating on the thyroid and parathyroid and is one of only a handful of specialists on Transoral Endocrine Surgery in the USA. In 2017 he was awarded the prestigious Paul LoGerfo Research Grant from the American Association of Endocrine Surgeonsto study the relationship between the human microbiome and thyroid disease.

Evidence-based Medicine and the GRADE Approach.- Clinical Decision Analysis.- Decision Making from the Surgeons Perspective.- Decision Making from the Patients Perspective.- Surgery Versus Active Surveillance for Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma.- Prospective Screening Protocol for FNMTC Family Members: Ultrasound Versus Physical Examination.- Operative Management Versus Observation for Thyroid Nodules Larger than 4 cm with Benign Cytology.- Lobectomy Versus Total Thyroidectomy for Follicular Microcarcinomas.- Initial Total Thyroidectomy Versus Lobectomy with Intraoperative Frozen Section for Thyroid Nodules that are Suspicious for PTC.- Primary Repair Versus No Repair for Transected Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve.- Surgery Versus Observation for Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma.- First-line Therapy for Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: Operation Versus Medical Management.- Same-Day Versus Overnight Inpatient Surgery for Total Thyroidectomy.- Prophylactic Versus Selective Central Neck Dissection in Pediatric Papillary Thyroid Cancer.- Subtotal Parathyroidectomy Versus Total Parathyroidectomy with Autotransplantation for Patients with MEN-1 and Primary Hyperparathyroidism.- Four-Gland Exploration versus 4D Computed Tomography in Patients with Nonlocalized Primary Hyperparathyroidism.- Lymph Node Dissection Versus No Lymph Node Dissection for Parathyroid Cancer.- Early Versus Late Parathyroidectomy for Tertiary (Posttransplant) Hyperparathyroidism.- Observation Versus Surgery for Pregnant Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism.- Four-gland Exploration Versus Focused Parathyroidectomy for Hyperparathyroidism Jaw Tumor Syndrome.- Long-Term Success of Surgery for Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Versus Four-Gland Exploration.- The Evidence For and Against Parathyroid Cryopreservation: Should We Continue to Promote Parathyroid Cryopreservation?.- Should Antibiotic Prophylaxis Be Given Prior to Thyroidectomy or Parathyroidectomy?.- The Value of Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring in Primary Hyperparathyroidism Cases that are Localized.- Transperitoneal Versus Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy.- Bilateral Adrenalectomy Versus Medical Management for Cushings Syndrome with Bilateral Adrenal Hyperplasia.- Routine Screening for Primary Hyperaldosteronism in Hypertensive Patients: Yes or No?.- Routine Glucose Monitoring in Postoperative Pheochromocytoma Patients: Yes or No?.- Surgical Versus Nonsurgical Management of Malignant Pheochromocytoma.-  Alpha Blocker Versus Calcium Channel Blocker for Pheochromocytoma.- Surgical Versus Nonsurgical Therapy for Recurrent Adrenocortical Carcinoma.- Resection Versus Observation for Adrenal Gland Metastasis.- Routine Versus Selective Adrenal Vein Sampling for Primary Aldosteronism.- Surgery Versus Observationfor Asymptomatic Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.- Routine Lymph Node Dissection Versus Duodenal Inspection Alone for the Treatment of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Patients with Hypergastrinemia.- Resection Versus Chemotherapy for Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas.- Observation Versus Surgery for Nonlocalized Insulinoma.