Industrial high pressure processes open the door to many reactions that are not possible under 'normal' conditions. These are to be found in such different areas as polymerization, catalytic reactions, separations, oil and gas recovery, food processing, biocatalysis and more. The most famous high pressure process is the so-called Haber-Bosch process used for fertilizers and which was awarded a Nobel prize. Following an introduction on historical development, the current state, and future trends, this timely and comprehensive publication goes on to describe different industrial processes, including methanol and other catalytic syntheses, polymerization and renewable energy processes, before covering safety and equipment issues. With its excellent choice of industrial contributions, this handbook offers high quality information not found elsewhere, making it invaluable reading for a broad and interdisciplinary audience.

InhaltsangabePREFACE PART ONE: Introduction HISTORICAL RETROSPECT ON HIGH-PRESSURE PROCESSES BASIC ENGINEERING ASPECTS What are the Specifics of High-Pressure Processes? Thermodynamic Aspects: Phase Equilibrium Software and Data Collection Phase Equilibrium: Experimental Methods and Measuring Devices Interfacial Phenomena and Data Material Properties and Transport Data for Heat and Mass Transfer Evaporation and Condensation at High Pressures Condensation PART TWO: Processes CATALYTIC AND NONCATALYTIC CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS Thermodynamics as Driver for Selection of High Pressure Ammonia Synthesis Process Urea Process General Aspects of HP Equipment LOWDENSITY POLYETHYLENE HIGHPRESSURE PROCESS Introduction Reaction Kinetics and Thermodynamics Process Products and Properties Simulation Tools and Advanced Process Control HIGHPRESSURE HOMOGENIZATION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF EMULSIONS Motivation: Why High-Pressure Homogenization for Emulsification Processes? Equipment: High-Pressure Homogenizers Processes: Emulsification and Process Functions Homogenization Processes Using SEM-Type Valves Summary and Outlook POWER PLANT PROCESSES: HIGH-PRESSURE?HIGH-TEMPERATURE PLANTS Introduction CoalFired Steam Power Plants Steam Generator HighPressure Steam Turbines Summary and Outlook HIGHPRESSURE APPLICATION IN ENHANCED CRUDE OIL RECOVERY Introduction Fundamentals Enhanced Oil Recovery Oil Reservoir Stimulation Heavy Oil Recovery Hydrates in Oil Recovery Equipment SUPERCRITICAL PROCESSES Introduction Processing of Solid Material Processing of Liquids Future Trends IMPACT OF HIGH-PRESSURE ON ENZYMES Introduction Influence of Pressure on Biomatter Influence of Pressure on the Kinetics of Enzyme Inactivation Technological Aspects Summary HIGH PRESSURE IN RENEWABLE ENERGY PROCESSES Introduction Thermochemical Processes Hydrothermal Processes MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Autofrettage: A High-Pressure Process to Improve Fatigue Lifetime Waterjet Cutting Technology PART THREE: Process Equipment and Safety HIGHPRESSURE COMPONENTS Materials for High-Pressure Components Pressure Vessels Heat Exchangers Valves Piping HIGHPRESSURE PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS Selection of Machinery Influence of the Fluid on Selection and Design of the Machinery Design Standards for High-Pressure Machines Materials and Materials Testing HighPressure Centrifugal Pumps and HighPressure Turbocompressors Rotating Positive Displacement Machines Reciprocating Positive Displacement Machines HIGHPRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES AND TEST EQUIPMENT Introduction Process Data Measuring - Online Lab Determination ? Additional Offline Test Equipment Safety Aspects Future SIZING OF HIGH-PRESSURE SAFETY VALVES FOR GAS SERVICE Standard Valve Sizing Procedure Limits of the Standard Valve Sizing Procedure Development of a Sizing Method for Real Gas Applications Sizing of Safety Valves for Real Gas Flow Summary

Leseprobe