MXene Membranes for SeparationsExplore critical and groundbreaking MXene applications and technologies
InMXene Membranes for Separations, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive and instructive summary of the latest research and techniques in the development of MXene. It offers an insightful view of MXene properties as a membrane in separation applications, including gas separation, ion sieving, solvent dehydration, nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration.
Covering various aspects of two-dimensional membranes based on MXene materials, the book summarizes the separation mechanism, compares separation performances, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches. It also considers the research and industrial prospects of current MXene membranes for separation applications on nanofiltration, gas separation, ion sieving, solvent dehydration, and water/oil separation.
The book also includes:A thorough introduction to 2D membranes, including membrane development, separation mechanisms, and fabrication methodsComprehensive explorations of MXene nanosheets and membranes, including the preparation and characterization of MXene nanosheets and membranesPractical discussions of MXene membranes for the isolation of antibiotics, including explorations of physical adsorption and advanced oxidationIn-depth examinations of MXene membranes for ion separation
Perfect for membrane scientists, materials scientists, and inorganic chemists,MXene Membranes for Separations will also earn a place in the libraries of complex chemists and engineering scientists seeking a timely overview of critical MXene applications.
Preface ix
About the Authors xi
Acknowledgment xiii
Abbreviations and Symbols xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Membrane Development at a Glance 1
1.2 Two-Dimensional Membranes 1
1.3 Separation Mechanisms of 2D Membranes 2
1.4 Fabrication Methods for 2D Membranes 4
1.5 Applications of 2D Membranes 6
References 6
2 Types of 2D Material-Based Membranes 9
2.1 Porous Two-Dimensional Nanosheet-Based Membranes 9
2.1.1 Zeolite 2D Membranes 9
2.1.2 MetalOrganic Framework 2D Membranes 10
2.1.3 Covalent Organic Framework (COF) 2D Membranes 11
2.1.4 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Membranes 12
2.2 Nonporous 2D Nanosheet-Based Membranes 13
2.2.1 Graphene-Based Membranes 13
2.2.2 Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Membranes 15
2.2.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD) Membranes 15
2.2.4 MXene Membranes (Typically Ti3C2Tx) 16
References 18
3 MXene Nanosheets and Membranes 25
3.1 Preparation and Characterization of MXene Nanosheets 25
3.1.1 Top-down Synthesis 25
3.1.2 Bottom-up Synthesis 31
3.2 Preparation and Characterization of MXene Membranes 34
References 40
4 MXene Membranes for Nanofiltration 43
4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 Separation Performance ofMXene-Based Nanofiltration Membranes 44
4.3 Summary 57
References 57
5 MXene Membranes for the Isolation of Antibiotics 61
5.1 Introduction 61
5.2 Physical Adsorption 62
5.3 Advanced Oxidation 68
5.4 Membrane Separation 72
5.5 Summary 84
References 84
6 MXene-Based Membranes for Gas Separation 89
6.1 Introduction 89
6.2 Gas Separation Performance of MXene-Based Membranes 90
6.3 Summary 101
References 102
7 MXene Membranes for Ion Separation 105
7.1 Introduction 105
7.2 Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes for Monovalent Metal Ion Sieving 106
7.2.1 Preparation of Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes 106
7.2.2 Monovalent Metal Ion-sieving Performance of Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes 107
7.2.3 Characterization of Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes 109
7.3 Thermally Cross-Linked MXene Membranes for Heavy Metal Ion Separation by a Voltage-supported Process 112
7.3.1 Mixed-ion Sieving and Exclusion of the Heavy Metal Ion Pb2+ 113
7.3.2 Characterization of Thermally Cross-Linked MXene Membranes 115
7.4 Ultrathin MXene-Derived Membranes by Sinter-cross-linking with Tunable Interlayer Spacing 117
7.4.1 Properties and Ion-rejection Performance of Sinter-cross-linked MXene Membranes 117
7.4.2 Characterization of Sinter-cross-linked MXene Membranes and MXene Nanosheets at Different Sintering Temperatures 120
7.5 Al3+-cross-linked MXene Membranes 121
7.5.1 Preparation and Characterization of Al3+-cross-linked MXene Membranes 122
7.5.2 Ion-sieving Performance of Al3+-cross-linked MXene Membranes 123
7.6 Summary 126
References 126
8 MXene Membrane for Oil/Water Emulsion Separation 129
8.1 Introduction 129
8.2 Functional Polymer Layer on Support 130
8.3 Low-Dimensional Materials 134
8.4 Summary 151
References 151
9 MXene Membranes for Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion 157
9.1 Introduction 157
9.2 Performance of MXene Membranes for Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion 158
9.3 Summary 169
References 170
10 Scale-Up of MXene Membranes 175
10.1 Introduction 175
10.2 Scale-Up of 2D Membranes 176
10.2.1 Spin Coating 177
10.2.2 Spray Coating 177
10.2.3 Drop Coating and Dip Coating 179
10.2.4 Doctor Blade Method 179
10.2.5 Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) 181
10.3 Summary 191
References 192
11 Perspectives 197
11.1 Further Applications of MXene Nanosheets 197
11.2 Challenges and Outlook for MXene Membranes 198
11.2.1 Stability of MXene Nanosheets Must Be Improved 198
11.2.2 Scalable Fabrication of MXene Membranes with Suitable Interlayer Channels Is Required 198
11.2.3 Operating Time of MXene Membranes under Realistic Operation Conditions Must Be Extended 199
11.2.4 Fundamentals of Mass Transport Mechanisms in Confined Nanochannels/Sub-nanochannels Within MXene Membranes Has to Be Studied 199
References 200
Index 203
