Educational neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field that has emerged through the improvement of brain imaging techniques and investigates human learning inside and outside of schools. In this issue, leading experts look back at the progress made within the field over the last decade, focusing on the bidirectional relationship between neuroscience and behavioral research. Topics include: Brain functioning in children with dyslexia or dyscalculia The effects of training on brain functions Individual differences in brain functioning The neural underpinnings of error processing Insight emergence Cognitive load, and The effects of modalities. In this interdisciplinary issue, leading experts look back at the progress made within educational neuroscience over the last decade, focusing on the bidirectional relationship between neuroscience and behavioral research.