A technique for visualizing Earth's subsurface at high resolution

Hidden out of sight in Earths subsurface are a range of geophysical structures, processes, and material movements. Muography is a passive and non-destructive remote sensing technique that visualizes  the internal structure of solid geological structures at high resolution, similar in process to X-ray radiography of human bodies.

Muography: Exploring Earth's Subsurface with Elementary Particles explores the application of this imaging technique in the geosciences and how it can complement conventional geophysical observations.

Volume highlights include:

Principles of muography and pioneering works in the fieldDifferent approaches for muographic image processingObserving volcanic structures and activity with muographyUsing muography for geophysical exploration and mining engineeringPotential environmental applications of muographyLatest technological developments in muography

The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

László Oláh, The University of Tokyo, Japan.

Hiroyuki K. M. Tanaka, The University of Tokyo, Japan.

Dezs? Varga, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungary.

List of Contributors vii

Preface xiii

1 Principles of Muography and Pioneering Works 1
Hiroyuki K M Tanaka

Part I Muographic Image Processing

2 Tomographic Imaging of Volcano Structures with Cosmic-Ray Muons 21
Seigo Miyamoto and Shogo Nagahara

3 Joint Inversion of Muography and Gravity Data for 3D Density Imaging of Volcanoes 33
Ryuichi Nishiyama

4 Machine Learning with Muographic Images as Input: An Application to Volcano Eruption Forecasting 43
László Oláh and Hiroyuki K M Tanaka

Part II Muography for Volcanic Investigations

5 Observation of the Dynamics of Hydrothermal Activity in La Soufrière of Guadeloupe Volcano with Joint Muography, Gravimetry, Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Seismic and Temperature Monitoring 57
Dominique Gibert, Jean de Bremond dArs, Bruno Carlus, Sébastien Deroussi, Jean-Christophe Ianigro, David E Jessop, Kevin Jourde, Bruno Kergosien, Yves Le Gonidec, Nolwenn Lesparre, Jacques Marteau, Roberto Moretti, Florence Nicollin, and Marina Rosas-Carbajal

6 Structure of the Shallow Supply System at Stromboli Volcano, Italy, through Integration of Muography, Digital Elevation Models, Seismicity, and Ground Deformation Data 75
Valeri Tioukov, Flora Giudicepietro, Giovanni Macedonio, Sonia Calvari, Federico Di Traglia, Alessandro Fornaciai, and Massimiliano Favalli

7 Three Years of Muography at Mount Etna, Italy: Results and Interpretation 93
Domenico Lo Presti, Giuseppe Gallo, Danilo Luigi Bonanno, Giovanni Bonanno, Carmelo Ferlito, Paola La Rocca, Santo Reito, Francesco Riggi, and Giuseppe Romeo

8 Muography of Magma Intrusion Beneath the Active Craters of Sakurajima Volcano, Japan 109
László Oláh and Hiroyuki K M Tanaka

9 Muography of the Volcanic Structure of the Summit of Vesuvius, Italy 123
Giovanni Macedonio, Giulio Saracino, Fabio Ambrosino, Guglielmo Baccani, Lorenzo Bonechi, Alan Bross, Massimo Bongi, Antonio Caputo, Roberto Ciaranfi, Luigi Cimmino, Vitaliano Ciulli, Raffaello DAlessandro, Mariaelena DErrico, Flora Giudicepietro, Sandro Gonzi, Vincenzo Masone, Nicola Mori, Pasquale Noli, Massimo Orazi, Giuseppe Passeggio, Rosario Peluso, Anna Pla-Dalmau, Giovanni Scarpato, Paolo Strolin, Enrico Vertechi, and Lorenzo Viliani

Part III Muography for Environmental Applications

10 Water Resource Management: The Multi-Technique Approach of the Low Background Noise Underground Research Laboratory and its Muon Detection Projects 139
Ignacio Lázaro Roche, Sylvain Pasquet, Konstantinos Chalikakis, Naomi Mazzilli, Marina Rosas-Carbajal, Jean-Baptiste Decitre, Lela Serene, Christelle Batiot-Guilhe, Christophe Emblanch, Jacques Marteau, and Stéphane Gaffet

11 Exploration of Underground Cave Systems with Muography 153
Gerg Hamar, Gergely Surányi, László Oláh, and Dezs Varga

12 Detection and 3D Reconstruction of Cavities Inside Mount Echia, Naples, Italy 165
Giulio Saracino, Fabio Ambrosino, Guglielmo Baccani, Lorenzo Bonechi, Luigi Cimmino, Raffaello DAlessandro, Mariaelena DErrico, and Paolo Strolin

13 Exploration of Hidden Topography Beneath Alpine Glaciers with Muography 175
Paola Scampoli, Ryuichi Nishiyama, Akitaka Ariga, Tomoko Ariga, Antonio Ereditato, Alessandro Lechmann, David Mair, Ciro Pistillo, Fritz Schlunegger, and Mykhailo Vladymyrov

14 Muography, a Key Technology for Monitoring Carbon Geostorage 185
Lee F Thompson, Jon G Gluyas, Joel Klinger, Vitaly A Kudryavtsev, Darren L Lincoln, David Woodward, and Max L Coleman

15 Future Prospects of Muography for Geological Research and Geotechnical and Mining Engineering 199
Marko Holma, Zongxian Zhang, Pasi Kuusiniemi, Kai Loo, and Timo Enqvist

16 Muon Tomography for Underground Resources 221
Douglas Schouten, Donald Furseth, and Jacobus van Nieuwkoop

Part IV Next Generation Muography

17 Development of Scintillator-Based Muon Detectors for Muography 239
Jacques Marteau, Jean de Bremond dArs, Bruno Carlus, Antoine Chevalier, Amélie Cohu, Thierry Descombes, Dominique Gibert, Jean-Christophe Ianigro, Kevin Jourde, Bruno Kergosien, Nolwenn Lesparre, Jean-Luc Montorio, and Marina Rosas-Carbajal

18 Resistive Plate Chambers in Muography 253
Andrea Giammanco, Sofia Andringa, Eduardo Cortina Gil, and Michael Tytgat

19 Development of Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber-Based Trackers for Muography 267
DezsVarga, GergHamar, and László Oláh

20 Development of Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors for Muography 279
Simon Bouteille and Sébastien Procureur

21 Development of Nuclear Emulsions for Muography 289
Kunihiro Morishima, Nobuko Kitagawa, and Akira Nishio

Index 301