Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers of the urinary tract and a major problem worldwide, it is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract, the fourth most common cancer in men, and seventh most common cancer in women. The main known risk factors for bladder cancer include cigarette smoking, exposure to industrially related aromatic amines, and intake of drugs such as phenacetin, chlornaphrazine, and cyclophosphamide. These exposures lead to DNA damage which, if remained unrepaired, may result in unregulated cell growth and even cancer.

Mustafa Akeel Nafeh Master Degree of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology / Baghdad UniversityBachelor of Biology Science / Baghdad UniversityEmploy At Ibin Al-Kuff Hospital for Spinal Cord Injury / Ministry of Health in Iraq.

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