The Full Value of Parks is the first comprehensive look at the values associated with parks and other kinds of protected areas. Much has been written about the importance of parks to the tourism industry, yet the reasons why people care deeply about them usually have little or nothing to do with money. Instead, people value parks as sacred sanctuaries and places of spiritual self-discovery, as settings of breathtaking beauty, as venues of scientific inquiry, as destinations for much-needed recreation-even as places where one can go to heal a wounded psyche. The profound attachment that people feel to the world's great natural areas and cultural sites arises from an incredibly diverse, complex, and sometimes conflicting array of values. After a thorough overview of the kinds of values found in parks, the unique challenges of managing parks to accommodate differing viewpoints are surveyed in this path-breaking book. Drawing on insights from a broad group of international experts, and offering examples from Siberia to tropical Africa, from the Andes to the Australian outback, The Full Value of Parks is an engaging and lucid exploration of the entire range of benefits and values of protected areas-from economics to the intangible.

David Harmon is executive director of the George Wright Society. Allen Putney is a consultant on protected areas.

Chapter 1 1. Introduction: Perspectives on the Values of Protected Areas
Chapter 2 2. The Source and Significance of Values in Protected Areas
Chapter 3 3. Conserving the Sacred: The Protective Impulse and the Origins of Modern Protected Areas
Chapter 4 4. Managing the Intangible
Chapter 5 5. Recreational Values of Protected AreasJ
Chapter 6 6. The Social Value of the Nyangkpe Sacred Forests of South West Province of Cameroon
Chapter 7 7. The Cultural Values of Protected Areas
Chapter 8 8. Life and the Nature of Life-in Parks
Chapter 9 9. Aesthetic Values and Protected Areas: A Story of Symbol Preservation
Chapter 10 10. National Parks as Scientific Benchmark Standards for the Biosphere; Or, How are You Going to Tell How it Used to Be, When There's Nothing Left to See?
Chapter 11 11. Therapeutic Values of Parks and Protected Areas
Chapter 12 12. Ishmael's Inclinations: Non-Use Values of Marine Protected Areas
Chapter 13 13. National Parks versus Protected Landscapes? Legitimacy, Values, and the Management of the Colombian Tropical Wildlands
Chapter 14 14. Biosphere Reserves: Tangible and Intangible Values
Chapter 15 15. World Heritage Sites: Towards Linking the Tangible and the Intangible
Chapter 16 16. Community-Conserved Biodiverse Areas: Lessons from South Asia
Chapter 17 17. Strictly Protected Areas: The Russian System of Zapovedniks
Chapter 18 18. Protected Landscapes in the Andean Context: Worshipping the Sacred in Nature and Culture
Chapter 19 19. Parks as Battlegrounds: Managing Conflicting Values
Chapter 20 20. Wilderness as Contested Ground
Chapter 21 21. Battling Religions in Parks and Forest Reserves: Facing Religion in Conflicts over Protected Places
Chapter 22 22. Wirikuta: The Wixarika/Huichol Sacred Natural Site in the Chihuahuan Desert, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
Chapter 23 23. Intangible Values and Protected Areas: Towards a More Holistic Approach to Management