This short book by one of France's leading historians deals with a big question: how was it that Christianity, that masterpiece of religious invention, managed, between 300 and 400 AD, to impose itself upon the whole of the Western world? In his erudite and inimitable way, Paul Veyne suggests three possible explanations.

Was it because a Roman emperor, Constantine, who was master of the Western world at the time, became a sincere convert to Christianity and set out to Christianize the whole world in order to save it?

Or was it because, as a great emperor, Constantine needed a great religion, and in comparison to the pagan gods, Christianity, despite being a minority sect, was an avant-garde religion unlike anything seen before?

Or was it because Constantine limited himself to helping the Christians set up their Church, a network of bishoprics that covered the vast Roman Empire, and that gradually and with little overt resistance the pagan masses embraced Christianity as their own religion?

In the course of deciding between these explanations Paul Veyne sheds fresh light on one of the most profound transformations that shaped the modern world - the Christianization of the West. A bestseller in France, this book will appeal to a wide readership interested in history, religion and the rise of the modern world.

Paul Veyne, Collège de France

Acknowledgements vii

1 Constantine: The Saviour of Humanity 1

2 Christianity: A Masterpiece 17

3 The Church: Another Masterpiece 33

4 The Dream of the Milvian Bridge: Constantines Faith and his Conversion 46

5 The Motives, Both Major and Minor, for Constantines Conversion 58

6 Constantine, the Churchs President 73

7 An Ambivalent Century, with an Empire at Once Pagan and Christian 84

8 Christianity Wavers, Then Triumphs 98

9 A Partial and Mixed State Religion: The Fate of the Jews 107

10 Was There an Ideology? 123

11 Does Europe Have Christian Roots? 138

Appendix: Polytheisms and Monolatry in Ancient

Judaism 150

Notes 177

Supplementary Notes 236

Index 242