Over the last 15 years, there has been renewed interest in supercritical fluids owing to their unique properties and relatively low environmental impact. Greatest attention has been given to the extraction and separation of organic compounds. Supercritical fluids have also been successfully used for particle production, as reaction media, and for the destruction of toxic waste. Supercritical carbon dioxide has been the most widely used supercritical fluid, mainly because it is cheap, relatively nontoxic, and has convenient critical values. Supercritical fluids have also been used on analytical and preparative scales for many biological and other applications. Many papers have been published on the use of supercritical fluids. However, few have acted as a detailed instruction manual for those wanting to use the techniques for the first time. We anticipate that this Methods in Biotechnology volume, Supercritical Fluid Methods and Protocols will s- isfy the need for such a book. Every chapter has been written by experienced workers and should, if closely followed, enable workers with some or no previous experience of supercritical fluids to conduct experiments successfully at the first attempt.

InhaltsangabeIntroduction to Supercritical Fluids and Their Applications, Anthony A. Clifford and John R. Williams. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Caffeine from Instant Coffee, John R. Dean, Ben Liu, and Edwin Ludkin. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Nitrosamines from Cured Meats, John W. Pensabene and Walter Fiddler. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Melengestrol Acetate from Bovine Fat Tissue, Robert J. Maxwell, Owen W. Parks, Roxanne J. Shadwell, Alan R. Lightfield, Carolyn Henry, and Brenda S. Fuerst. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Fish Tissue, Michael O. Gaylor and Robert C. Hale. Isolation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Fish Products by Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Eila P. Järvenpää and Rainer Huopalahti. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Mycotoxins from Feeds, Rainer Huopalahti and Eila P. Järvenpää. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pigments from Seeds of Eschscholtzia californica Cham, Maria L. Colombo and Andrea Mossa. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Flumetralin from Tobacco Samples, Fernando M. Lanças, Mário S. Galhiane, and Sandra R. Rissato. Supercritical Fluid Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination of Carbendazim in Bee Larvae, José L. Bernal, Juan J. Jiménez, and María T. Martín. Supercritical Fluid Extraction Coupled with Enzyme Immunoassay Analysis of Soil Herbicides, G. Kim Stearman. The Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Drugs of Abuse from Human Hair, Pascal Kintz and Christian Staub. Application of Direct Aqueous Supercritical Fluid Extraction for the Dynamic Recovery of Testosterone Liberated from the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Testosterone-b-d-Glucuronide, Edward D. Ramsey, Brian Minty, and Anthony T. Rees. Analysis of Anabolic Drugs by Direct Aqueous Supercritical Fluid Extraction Coupled On-Line with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Edward D. Ramsey, Brian Minty, and Anthony T. Rees. Detection of Beta-Blockers in Urine and Serum by Solid-PhaseExtraction-Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Kari Hartonen and Marja-Liisa Riekkola. On-Line SFE-SFC for the Analysis of Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Other Lipids from Water Matrices, Francisco J. Señoráns and Karin E. Markides. Determination of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. by Off-Line Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Coupled to an Evaporative Light-Scattering Detector, Marcel Kohler, Werner Haerdi, Philippe Christen, and Jean-Luc Veuthey. Analysis of Cannabis by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection, Michael D. Cole. Direct Chiral Resolution of Optical Isomers of Diltiazem Hydrochloride by Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, Koji Yaku, Keiichi Aoe, Noriyuki Nishimura, Tadashi Sato, and Fujio Morishita. Determination of Salbutamol Sulfate and Its Impurities in Pharmaceuticals by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, María J. del Nozal, Laura Toribio, José L. Bernal, and Maria L. Serna. Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatographic Determination of Acetaminophen, Propyphenazone, and Caffeine in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Urmila J. Dhorda, Viddesh R. Bari, and M. Sundaresan. Analysis of Shark Liver Oil by Thin-Layer and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, Christina Borch-Jensen, Magnus Magnussen, and Jørgen Mollerup. Enzymatically Catalyzed Transesterifications in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Rolf Marr, Harald Michor, Thomas Gamse, and Helmut Schwab. Transesterification Reactions Catalyzed by Subtilisin Carlsberg Suspended in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and in Supercritical Ethane, Teresa Corrêa de Sampaio and Susana Barreiros. Enzymatic Synthesis of Peptide in Water-Miscible Organic Solvent/Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Hidetaka Noritomi. Micronization of a Polysaccharide by a Supercritical Antisolvent Technique, Alberto Bertucco and Paolo Pallado. Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions Technology: Production of Fine Particles of Steroid

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Introduction to Supercritical Fluids and Their Applications, Anthony A. Clifford and John R. Williams. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Caffeine from Instant Coffee, John R. Dean, Ben Liu, and Edwin Ludkin. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Nitrosamines from Cured Meats, John W. Pensabene and Walter Fiddler. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Melengestrol Acetate from Bovine Fat Tissue, Robert J. Maxwell, Owen W. Parks, Roxanne J. Shadwell, Alan R. Lightfield, Carolyn Henry, and Brenda S. Fuerst. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Fish Tissue, Michael O. Gaylor and Robert C. Hale. Isolation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Fish Products by Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Eila P. Järvenpää and Rainer Huopalahti. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Mycotoxins from Feeds, Rainer Huopalahti and Eila P. Järvenpää. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pigments from Seeds of Eschscholtzia californica Cham, Maria L. Colombo and Andrea Mossa. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Flumetralin from Tobacco Samples, Fernando M. Lancas, Mario S. Galhiane, and Sandra R. Rissato. Supercritical Fluid Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination of Carbendazim in Bee Larvae, Jose L. Bernal, Juan J. Jimenez, and María T. Martín. Supercritical Fluid Extraction Coupled with Enzyme Immunoassay Analysis of Soil Herbicides, G. Kim Stearman. The Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Drugs of Abuse from Human Hair, Pascal Kintz and Christian Staub. Application of Direct Aqueous Supercritical Fluid Extraction for the Dynamic Recovery of Testosterone Liberated from the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Testosterone-b-d-Glucuronide, Edward D. Ramsey, Brian Minty, and Anthony T. Rees. Analysis of Anabolic Drugs by Direct Aqueous Supercritical Fluid Extraction Coupled On-Line with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Edward D. Ramsey, Brian Minty, and Anthony T. Rees. Detection of Beta-Blockers in Urine and Serum by Solid-Phase Extraction-Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Kari Hartonen and Marja-Liisa Riekkola. On-Line SFE-SFC for the Analysis of Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Other Lipids from Water Matrices, Francisco J. Señorans and Karin E. Markides. Determination of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. by Off-Line Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Coupled to an Evaporative Light-Scattering Detector, Marcel Kohler, Werner Haerdi, Philippe Christen, and Jean-Luc Veuthey. Analysis of Cannabis by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection, Michael D. Cole. Direct Chiral Resolution of Optical Isomers of Diltiazem Hydrochloride by Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, Koji Yaku, Keiichi Aoe, Noriyuki Nishimura, Tadashi Sato, and Fujio Morishita. Determination of Salbutamol Sulfate and Its Impurities in Pharmaceuticals by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, María J. del Nozal, Laura Toribio, Jose L. Bernal, and Maria L. Serna. Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatographic Determination of Acetaminophen, Propyphenazone, and Caffeine in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Urmila J. Dhorda, Viddesh R. Bari, and M. Sundaresan. Analysis of Shark Liver Oil by Thin-Layer and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, Christina Borch-Jensen, Magnus Magnussen, and Jørgen Mollerup. Enzymatically Catalyzed Transesterifications in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Rolf Marr, Harald Michor, Thomas Gamse, and Helmut Schwab. Transesterification Reactions Catalyzed by Subtilisin Carlsberg Suspended in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and in Supercritical Ethane, Teresa Corrêa de Sampaio and Susana Barreiros. Enzymatic Synthesis of Peptide in Water-Miscible Organic Solvent/Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Hidetaka Noritomi. Micronization of a Polysaccharide by a Supercritical Antisolvent Technique, Alberto Bertucco and Paolo Pallado. Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions Technology: Production of Fine Particles of Steroid Drugs, Paolo ...