Urology Lecture Notes contains all the essential knowledge for medical students, junior doctors and early-stage trainees involved in urology placements or urological surgery. With a strong emphasis on clinical presentation, procedures and surgery, it provides an accessible, conversational guide to all the situations likely to be encountered on the wards.

Key features include:
 Extensive illustration to clearly demonstrate relevant procedures, conditions, and physiology
 Important information flagged up in key points
 Self-assessment MCQs to test and help consolidate knowledge

Whether you are preparing for your first urology rotation or looking for a quick reference to all aspects of the system,Urology Lecture Notes provides key support to all students, junior doctors and trainees involved in this specialty.

Amir Kaisary, Consultant Urological Surgeon, The Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.

Andrew Ballaro, Consultant Urological Surgeon, Barking, Havering and Redbridge NHS Trust, London, UK.

Katharine Pigott, Consultant Clinical Oncologist, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.

Preface vi

Acknowledgements vii

Part 1 Meet the patient

1 Assessment of the urological patient: History and examination 3

2 Assessment of the urological patient: Urinalysis_and imaging 17

Part 2 The kidneys and adrenal gland

3 The kidney: Embryology, developmental errors and cystic disease 33

4 Kidney trauma 45

5 Kidney infections and inflammation 50

6 Urinary tract calculi 58

7 Kidney neoplasms 73

8 The renal pelvis and ureter 92

9 The adrenal gland 110

Part 3 The bladder and urethra

10 The bladder: Structure, function and investigations 117

11 Bladder infections and inflammation 128

12 Disorders of bladder function 134

13 Bladder cancer 150

Part 4 The prostate gland

14 Benign disorders of the prostate gland 169

15 Prostate cancer 185

Part 5 Male genitalia

16 The urethra 209

17 The penis 228

18 The testicle 245

19 Male infertility 270

Part 6 Additional therapeutic modalities

20 Radiotherapy 281

21 Minimally invasive urology 285

Appendix A: ECOG performance status 294

Appendix B: TNM classification of malignant tumours 295

Appendix C: Response evaluation criteria in solid tumours 297

Appendix D: The ClavienDindo classification of surgical complications 300

Appendix E: Adverse effects of cancer treatment 302

Appendix F: Urinary catheters 303

Appendix G: Evidence_based medicine 308

Multiple choice questions 309

Answers 315

Index 321