Earth is the only planet known to have fire. The reason is both simple and profound: fire exists because Earth is the only planet to possess life as we know it. Fire is an expression of life on Earth and an index of lifes history. Few processes are as integral, unique, or ancient.
Fire on Earth puts fire in its rightful place as an integral part of the study of geology, biology, human history, physics, and global chemistry. Fire is ubiquitous in various forms throughout Earth, and belongs as part of formal inquiries about our world. In recent years fire literature has multiplied exponentially; dedicated journals exist and half a dozen international conferences are held annually. A host of formal sciences, or programs announcing interdisciplinary intentions, are willing to consider fire. Wildfire also appears routinely in media reporting.
This full-colour text, containing over 250 illustrations of fire in all contexts, is designed to provide a synthesis of contemporary thinking; bringing together the most powerful concepts and disciplinary voices to examine, in an international setting, why planetary fire exists, how it works, and why it looks the way it does today. Students, lecturers, researchers and professionals interested in the physical, ecological and historical characteristics of fire will find this book, and accompanying web-based material, essential reading for undergraduate and postgraduate courses in all related disciplines, for general interest and for providing an interdisciplinary foundation for further study.
A comprehensive approach to the history, behaviour and ecological effects of fire on earthTimely introduction to this important subject, with relevance for global climate change, biodiversity loss and the evolution of human culture.Provides a foundation for the interdisciplinary field of Fire ResearchAuthored by an international team of leading experts in the fieldAssociated website provides additional resources
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
About the Authors xvii
About the Companion Website xix
PART ONE FIRE IN THE EARTH SYSTEM 1
Preface to part one 2
Chapter 1 What is fire? 3
1.1 How fire starts and initially spreads 3
1.2 Lightning and other ignition sources 4
1.3 The charring process 6
1.4 Pyrolysis products 7
1.5 Fire types 10
1.6 Peat fires 14
1.7 Fire effects on soils 15
1.8 Post-fire erosion-deposition 18
1.9 Fire and vegetation 22
1.10 Fire and climate 26
1.11 Fire triangles 30
1.12 Fire return intervals 30
1.13 How we study fire: satellites 31
1.14 Modelling fire occurrence 38
1.15 Climate forcing 42
1.16 Scales of fire occurrence 44
Further reading 45
Chapter 2 Fire in the fossil record: recognition 47
2.1 Fire proxies: fire scars and charcoal 47
2.2 The problem of nomenclature: black carbon, char, charcoal, soot and elemental carbon 49
2.3 How we study charcoal: microscopical and chemical techniques 51
2.4 Charcoal as an information-rich source 56
2.5 Charcoal reflectance and temperature 56
2.6 Uses of charcoal 58
2.7 Fire intensity/severity 59
2.8 Deep time studies 60
2.9 Pre-requisite for fire: fuel the evolution of plants 61
2.10 Charcoal in sedimentary systems 62
Further reading 63
Chapter 3 Fire in the fossil record: earth system processes 65
3.1 Fire and oxygen 65
3.2 Fire feedbacks 67
3.3 Systems diagrams 67
3.4 Charcoal as proxy for atmospheric oxygen 69
3.5 Burning experiments fire spread 69
3.6 Fire and the terrestrial system 70
Further reading 72
Chapter 4 The geological history of fire in deep time: 420 million years to 2 million years ago 73
4.1 Periods of high and low fire, and implications 73
4.2 The first fires 73
4.3 The rise of fire 75
4.4 Fire in the high-oxygen Paleozoic world 77
4.5 Collapse of fire systems 80
4.6 Fire at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary 82
4.7 Jurassic variation 82
4.8 Cretaceous fires 84
4.9 Fire at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-P or K-T) boundary 87
4.10 Paleocene fires 88
4.11 Fires across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) 88
4.12 Dampening of fire systems 89
4.13 Rise of the grass-fire cycle 89
Further reading 89
Chapter 5 The geological history of fire the last two million years 91
5.1 Problems of Quaternary fire history 91
5.2 The Paleofire working group: techniques and analysis 93
5.3 Fire and climate cycles 97
5.4 Fire and humans: the fossil evidence 98
5.5 Fire and the industrial society 101
Further reading 101
References for part one 103
PART TWO BIOLOGY OF FIRE 111
Preface to part two 112
Chapter 6 Pyrogeography temporal and spatial patterns of fire 113
6.1 Fire and life 113
6.2 Global climate, vegetation patterns and fire 113
6.3 Pyrogeography 116
6.4 Fire and the control of biome boundaries 121
6.5 The fire regime concept 125
6.6 Fire ecology 128
6.7 Conclusion 129
Further reading 129
Chapter 7 Plants and fire 131
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Fire and plant traits 131
7.3 Fire regimes and the characteristic suite of fire plant traits 137
7.4 Evolution of fire traits 140
7.5 Summary and implications 145
Further reading 145
General reading 146
Chapter 8 Fire and fauna 147
8.1 Direct effects of fire on fauna 147
8.2 The effect of fire regimes on fauna 148
8.3 The landscape mosaic and pyrodiversity 150
8.4 The effect of fauna on fire regimes 152
8.5 Fire and the evolution of fauna 154
8.6 Summary 155
Further reading 155
Chapter 9 Fire as an ecosystem process 157
9.1 Introduction 157
9.2 Fire and erosion 157
9.3 Fire and nutrient cycling 160
9.4 Fire and pedogenesis 163
9.5 Fire and atmospheric chemistry 164
9.6 Fire and climate 165
9.7 Summary 168
Further reading 169
Chapter 10 Fire and anthropogenic environmental change 171
10.1 Introduction 171
10.2 Prehistoric impacts 171
10.3 Prehistoric fire management 174
10.4 Contemporary fire management 176
10.5 Climate change 177
10.6 Fire and carbon management 180
10.7 Fire regime switches: a major challenge for fire ecology 180
10.8 Invasive plants and altered fire regimes 184
10.9 Conclusion 187
Further reading 187
References for part two 189
PART THREE ANTHROPOGENIC FIRE 193
Preface to part three 194
Chapter 11 Fire creature 195
11.1 Early hominins: spark of creation 195
11.2 Aboriginal fire: control over ignition 198
11.3 Cultivated fire: control over combustibles 206
11.4 Ideas and institutions: lore and ritual 220
11.5 Narrative arcs (and equants) 221
Further reading 229
Chapter 12 A new epoch of fire: the anthropocene 231
12.1 The Great Disruption 231
12.2 The pyric transition 232
12.3 Enlightenment and empire 236
12.4 Scaling the transition 238
12.5 After the revolution 245
Further reading 257
Chapter 13 Fire management 259
13.1 Introducing integrated fire management 259
13.2 Two realms: managing the pyric transition 260
13.3 Strategies 261
13.4 Institutions: ordering fire 272
13.5 Ideas: conceptions of fire 277
13.6 Fire management: selected examples 279
Further reading 289
References and further reading for part three 291
PART FOUR THE SCIENCE AND ART OF WILDLAND FIRE BEHAVIOUR PREDICTION 295
Preface to part four 296
Chapter 14 Fundamentals of wildland fire as a physical process 297
14.1 Introduction 297
14.2 The basics of combustion and heat transfer 298
14.3 The wildland fire environment concept 303
14.4 Characterization of wildland fire behaviour 315
14.5 Extreme wildland fire behaviour phenomena 329
14.6 Field methods of measuring and quantifying wildland fire behaviour 336
14.7 Towards increasing our understanding of wildland fire behaviour 337
Further reading 339
Chapter 15 Estimating free-burning wildland fire behaviour 341
15.1 Introduction 341
15.2 A historical sketch of wildland fire behaviour research 342
15.3 Models, systems and guides for predicting wildland fire behaviour 350
15.4 Limitations on the accuracy of model predictions of wildland fire behaviour 359
15.5 The wildland fire behaviour prediction process 363
15.6 Specialized support in assessing wildland fire behaviour 370
15.7 Looking ahead 371
Further reading 372
Chapter 16 Fire management applications of wildland fire behaviour knowledge 373
16.1 Introduction 373
16.2 Wildfire suppression 376
16.3 Wildland firefighter safety 378
16.4 Community wildland fire protection 382
16.5 Fuels management 383
16.6 Prediction of fire effects 388
16.7 Getting on the road towards self-improvement 389
Further reading 390
References for part four 393
Index 405
