Preface xi
1 Introduction to Synthesized Transmission Lines 1
C. W. Wang and T. G. Ma
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Propagation Characteristics of a TEM Transmission Line 2
1.2.1 Wave Equations 2
1.2.2 Keys to Miniaturization 5
1.3 Analysis of Synthesized Transmission Lines 7
1.3.1 Bloch Theorem and Characterization of a Periodic Synthesized Transmission Line 7
1.3.2 Characterization of a NonPeriodic Synthesized Transmission Line 9
1.3.3 Extraction of Line Parameters from SParameters 10
1.4 Lumped and QuasiLumped Approaches 11
1.4.1 Lumped Networks 11
1.4.2 ShuntStub Loaded Lines 14
1.5 OneDimensional Periodic Structures 16
1.5.1 ComplementaryConductingStrip Lines 19
1.6 Photonic Bandgap Structures 20
1.7 LeftHanded Structures 21
References 24
2 NonPeriodic Synthesized Transmission Lines for Circuit Miniaturization 26
C. W. Wang and T. G. Ma
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 NonPeriodic Synthesized Microstrip Lines and Their Applications 27
2.2.1 Design Details and Propagation Characteristics 27
2.2.2 90° and 180° Hybrid Couplers 30
2.2.3 Application to Butler Matrix as Array Feeding Network 32
2.3 NonPeriodic Synthesized Coplanar Waveguides and Their Applications 34
2.3.1 Synthesis and Design 34
2.3.2 180° Hybrid Using Synthesized CPWs 37
2.3.3 DualMode Ring Bandpass Filters 38
2.4 NonPeriodic QuasiLumped Synthesized Coupled Lines 42
2.4.1 Basics of Coupled Transmission Lines 42
2.4.2 Miniaturization of Coupled Lines and the Directional Couplers 44
2.4.3 Marchand Baluns Using Synthesized Coupled Lines 49
2.4.4 Lumped Directional Coupler and the Phase Shifter 53
2.5 NonPeriodic Synthesized Lines Using Vertical Inductors 55
References 60
3 Dual/TriOperational Mode Synthesized Transmission Lines: Design and Analysis 62
C. H. Lai and T. G. Ma
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Equivalent Circuit Models and Analysis 63
3.2.1 LadderType Approximation in the Passband 63
3.2.2 HalfCircuit Model at Resonance 64
3.3 DualOperational Mode Synthesized Transmission Lines 65
3.3.1 Design Concept 65
3.3.2 DualMode Synthesized Line Using a Series Resonator 66
3.3.3 DualMode Synthesized Line Using Open-Circuited Stubs 70
3.3.4 DualMode Synthesized Line Using Parallel Resonators 72
3.4 TriOperational Mode Synthesized Lines Using Series Resonators 74
3.4.1 Design Concept 74
3.4.2 TriMode Synthesized Line as Category1 Design 75
3.4.3 TriMode Synthesized Line as Category2 Design 79
3.4.4 TriMode Synthesized Line as Category3 Design 83
3.5 MultiOperational Mode Synthesized Lines as Diplexer and Triplexer 87
3.5.1 Diplexer 87
3.5.2 Triplexer 89
References 94
4 Applications to Heterogeneous Integrated Phased Arrays 95
C. H. Lai and T. G. Ma
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 DualMode Retrodirective Array 96
4.2.1 Design Goal 96
4.2.2 System Architecture 97
4.2.3 Circuit Realization 98
4.2.4 Bistatic Radiation Patterns 102
4.2.5 Alternative Architecture 103
4.3 DualMode Integrated BeamSwitching/Retrodirective Array 106
4.3.1 Design Goal 106
4.3.2 System Architecture 106
4.3.3 Circuit Realization 109
4.3.4 Radiation Characteristics 111
4.3.5 Complementary Design 111
4.4 TriMode Heterogeneous Integrated Phased Array 115
4.4.1 Design Goal 115
4.4.2 System Architecture 116
4.4.3 Operation and System Implementation 117
4.4.4 Circuit Responses and Radiation Patterns 119
4.4.4.1 BeamSwitching Mode 120
4.4.4.2 Van Atta Mode 122
4.4.4.3 PCA Mode 122
4.5 Simplified DualMode Integrated Array Using Two Elements 122
References 124
5 OnChip Realization of Synthesized Transmission Lines Using IPD Processes 126
Y. C. Tseng and T. G. Ma
5.1 Introduction 126
5.2 Integrated Passive Device (IPD) Process 127
5.3 Tight Couplers Using Synthesized CPWs 128
5.3.1 Quadrature Hybrid 128
5.3.2 Wideband RatRace Coupler 129
5.3.3 DualBand RatRace Coupler 132
5.3.4 CoupledLine Coupler 137
5.3.5 Butler Matrix 139
5.4 Bandpass/Bandstop Filters Using Synthesized CPWs 142
5.4.1 Bandpass Filter Using Synthesized SteppedImpedance Resonators 143
5.4.2 TransformerCoupled Bandpass Filter 146
5.4.3 Bridged TCoils as CommonMode Filter 147
5.5 Chip Designs Using MultiMode Synthesized CPWs 151
5.5.1 Diplexer 151
5.5.2 DualMode RatRace Coupler 154
5.5.3 Triplexer 157
5.5.4 OnChip Liquid Detector 161
References 166
6 Periodic Synthesized Transmission Lines with TwoDimensional Routing 168
T. G. Ma
6.1 Introduction 168
6.2 Design of the Unit Cells 169
6.2.1 Formulation 169
6.2.2 QuarterWavelength Lines 172
6.3 Power Divider and Couplers 174
6.4 Broadside Directional Coupler 178
6.4.1 Design Principle 178
6.4.2 Circuit Realization 180
6.5 CommonMode Rejection Filter 184
6.5.1 Design Principle 184
6.5.2 Circuit Realization 187
6.6 OnChip Implementation 189
6.6.1 Unit Cells and QuarterWavelength Lines 189
6.6.2 Circuit Implementations and Compensation 192
References 194
Index 196
