List of Contributors xvii
Foreword xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
1 Water Science, Policy, and Management: Introduction 1
Simon J. Dadson, Edmund C. PenningRowsell, Dustin E. Garrick, Rob Hope, Jim W. Hall, and Jocelyne Hughes
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Drivers of Change: Environment, Politics, Economics 2
1.3 Responses to Change: Technology, Information, Equity 4
1.4 Science, Policy and Management 6
Part I Water Science 9
2 Hydroclimatic Extremes and Climate Change 11
Simon J. Dadson, Homero Paltan Lopez, Jian Peng, and Shuchi Vora
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Key Concepts in Climate Science 12
2.2.1 The Water Cycle in the Earth System 12
2.2.2 Radiative Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere 12
2.2.3 Convection and Atmospheric Stability 13
2.2.4 The General Circulation 14
2.3 Hydroclimatic Variability and Extremes 14
2.3.1 Modes of Hydroclimatic Variability 14
2.3.2 El NiñoSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) 14
2.3.3 South Asian Monsoon 16
2.3.4 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) 16
2.3.5 Other Modes of Variability 17
2.4 Climate Change and Hydrology 18
2.4.1 Understanding the Link Between Climate Change and Hydroclimatic Extremes 18
2.4.2 Climate Models and Climate Projections 18
2.4.3 Downscaling and Uncertainty 19
2.5 Managing Hydroclimatic Extremes 20
2.5.1 Quantifying Risk and Uncertainty 20
2.5.2 Planning for Extremes in Flood Risk and Water Resources Management 22
2.5.3 Comparing Topdown with Bottomup Approaches 22
2.6 Conclusion 25
References 25
3 Groundwater Resources: Past, Present, and Future 29
Abi Stone, Michelle Lanzoni, and Pauline Smedley
3.1 Introduction to Groundwater Science 29
3.2 Quantities of Groundwater: Storage, Recharge, and Abstraction 31
3.2.1 What Do We Know? 31
3.2.2 Future Outlook on Measuring Groundwater Quantity 34
3.2.3 Improving Scientific Knowledge of Groundwater Volumes and Fluxes 39
3.3 Groundwater Quality 39
3.3.1 The Composition of Groundwater: Natural Baselines and Pollution 39
3.3.2 Future Outlook on Groundwater Water Quality: Key Constraints and Approaches to Addressing Them 45
3.4 Groundwater and Climate Change 48
3.4.1 Longterm Climatic Influences on Groundwater 48
3.4.2 Current and Future Influences of Climate Change on Groundwater 48
3.5 Continuing Challenges for Groundwater Science 49
3.6 Concluding Points 50
References 51
4 Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring, and Management 55
Paul Whitehead, Michaela Dolk, Rebecca Peters, and Hannah Leckie
4.1 Water Quality Modelling Background 55
4.1.1 Water Quality: The Problem 55
4.1.2 Management Model Approaches and History 56
4.1.3 Generic Types of Water Quality Models 57
4.1.4 Lumped Modelling Approaches 58
4.1.5 Case Study 1: Modelling of Metals Downstream of Mines in Transylvania 59
4.2 Water Quality Modelling at the Catchment Scale 59
4.2.1 Integrated Catchment Approach A Brief Review 59
4.2.2 The Integrated Catchments (INCA) Model System 61
4.2.3 Case Study 2: Modelling Contaminants Using INCA Metaldehyde in the Thames 62
4.2.4 Case Study 3: Water Quality in the TuragBalu River System, Dhaka, Bangladesh 62
4.2.5 Model Uncertainty 63
4.3 Monitoring Strategies Past and Present 65
4.3.1 Global Monitoring 66
4.3.2 Nationalscale Monitoring 66
4.3.3 Longterm Monitoring of Key Scientific Sites 66
4.3.4 Citizen Science Monitoring 68
4.3.5 Case Study 4: Monitoring and Modelling the MurrayDarling System in Australia 68
4.4 Conclusions 70
References 70
5 Challenges for Freshwater Ecosystems 75
Jocelyne Hughes, Heather Bond, Clarke Knight, and Kieran Stanley
5.1 How do Freshwater Ecosystems Work? 75
5.1.1 Structure and Function of Freshwater Ecosystems 75
5.1.2 Key Challenges in Freshwater Ecology 76
5.2 The Challenge of Water Quality Management: Linking Freshwater Ecosystems to Water Quality 78
5.2.1 The Kidneys of the Landscape 78
5.2.2 Constructed Wetlands 78
5.2.3 Managing Freshwater Ecosystems for Water Quality Enhancement 81
5.3 The Challenge of Invasive Nonnative Species: Impacts on Diversity and Ecosystem Function 82
5.3.1 The Spread of Nonnative Freshwater Species 82
5.3.2 Impacts of INNS 82
5.3.3 What Can be Done About the Problem? 84
5.4 The Challenge of Environmental Change : Managing Biogeochemical Cycles and Water Security in Freshwaters 85
5.4.1 Impacts of Warming and Changing Atmospheric GHGs on Freshwaters 85
5.4.2 Environmental Flows 87
5.5 Approaches to Tackling the Challenges of Freshwater Ecosystem Conservation and Management 89
5.5.1 Technical Innovations 89
5.5.1.1 Environmental DNA 89
5.5.1.2 Remote Sensing Methods and Databases 89
5.5.2 Social Science Innovations 91
References 92
6 Water and Health: A Dynamic, Enduring Challenge 97
Katrina J. Charles, Saskia Nowicki, Patrick Thomson, and David Bradley
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Classifying and Measuring Health Outcomes 97
6.3 Politics and Innovation in Water and Health 99
6.3.1 Measurement: Understanding the Role of Malnutrition and Infection in Diarrhoea 100
6.3.2 Treatment: Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) 100
6.3.3 Knowledge: Emerging Health Issues 101
6.3.4 Politics and the Pace of Disruption 101
6.4 Beyond Outbreaks: The Underreported Health Burden of Inadequate Water Supplies 102
6.5 Enteric Environmental Dysfunction 103
6.5.1 Visible Disease from Chemical Exposure 103
6.5.2 Hypertension and Cancer 105
6.5.3 Cognitive Impairment 106
6.5.4 Psychosocial Distress 107
6.5.5 Revisiting the WaterRelated Burden of Disease 107
6.6 Water and Health Challenges in the SDG Period 108
6.6.1 Improving Service Levels 109
6.6.2 Improving Water Quality Testing Methods 110
6.6.3 Leaving No One Behind 111
6.7 Conclusions 112
References 113
7 Monitoring and Modelling Hydrological Processes 117
Simon J. Dadson, Feyera Hirpa, Patrick Thomson, and Megan Konar
7.1 Modelling Hydrological Systems: Current Approaches 117
7.1.1 From Local Catchment Models to Global Hydrological Studies 119
7.1.2 Validation, Verification, and Confirmation in Hydrological Modelling 121
7.1.3 Representing Humanmanaged Water Systems 122
7.2 Monitoring Hydrological Systems 124
7.2.1 Monitoring the Global Water Cycle Across Scales 124
7.2.2 Decline of In Situ Monitoring 125
7.2.3 The Role of EO 126
7.2.4 Landbased and Airborne Techniques 127
7.2.5 Nontraditional Hydrological Monitoring Systems 128
7.3 Future Challenges 128
7.4 Conclusion 129
References 130
Part II Policy 139
8 Reallocating Water 141
Dustin E. Garrick, Alice Chautard, and Jonathan Rawlins
8.1 Water Crises as Allocation Challenges 141
8.2 Navigating Reallocation 142
8.3 Sociocultural Dimensions 144
8.3.1 Navigating the Changing Culture of Water in Spain 146
8.4 Natural and Technological Dimensions 147
8.5 Political Economy Dimensions 149
8.5.1 Barriers to Reallocation from Agriculture to the City of Cape Town 151
8.6 A Ladder of Interventions? 152
8.7 Frontiers of Water Allocation 153
References 154
9 Rural Water Policy in Africa and Asia 159
Rob Hope, Tim Foster, Johanna Koehler, and Patrick Thomson
9.1 Fifty Years of Rural Water Policy in Africa and Asia 159
9.2 Pillars of Rural Water Policy 160
9.3 Community Access, 19802000 163
9.4 Rights and Results, 20002020 166
9.5 Regulated Services, 20202030 169
9.6 Limits to Progress 173
References 174
10 The Human Right to Water 181
Rhett Larson, Kelsey Leonard, and Richard Rushforth
10.1 The Legal and Historical Background of the Human Right to Water 181
10.2 Defining the Human Right to Water 185
10.2.1 Difference Between Human Right to Water and Water Rights 187
10.3 Implementing the Human Right to Water 188
10.4 Gap Between Policy Articulation and Implementation of the Human Right to Water 190
10.5 Key Policy Challenges Facing the Human Right to Water 192
10.6 Conclusion 193
References 193
11 Policy Processes in Flood Risk Management 197
Edmund C. PenningRowsell, Joanna Pardoe, Jim W. Hall, and Julie Self
11.1 Introduction 197
11.2 Flood Risk: Global and Local Scales 198
11.3 Three Theories of the Policy Process 199
11.3.1 Punctuated Equilibrium 199
11.3.2 Multiple Streams 200
11.3.3 Advocacy Coalitions 201
11.4 Four Contrasting Case Studies of the Policy Process 201
11.4.1 South Africa: 19942002 and Beyond 201
11.4.2 Advocacy Coalitions in Bangladesh and the Role of Donor Agencies 204
11.4.3 Flood Risk Management in Tanzania: The President as Policy Entrepreneur 205
11.4.4 Flood Insurance in the UK: Six Decades of Relative Policy Stability 207
11.5 Conclusions 210
References 211
12 The Political Economy of Wastewater in Europe 215
Heather M. Smith and Gareth Walker
12.1 Introduction 215
12.2 Models of Service Delivery 216
12.3 Wastewater as a Driver of Investment and Cost Recovery 219
12.4 Case Studies Paris and Ireland 221
12.4.1 Paris 221
12.4.2 Ireland 224
12.5 Discussion and Conclusion 226
12.5.1 The Hidden Role of Wastewater 226
12.5.2 Emerging Needs and Opportunities in Wastewater 227
References 229
13 Drought Policy and Management 233
Rachael McDonnell, Stephen Fragaszy, Troy Sternberg, and Swathi Veeravalli
13.1 Introduction 233
13.2 Drought, Aridity, Water Scarcity, and Desertification 234
13.3 Climate Change and Drought 237
13.4 Drought Policy and Management Development 238
13.4.1 Drought Legislation 238
13.4.2 Drought Policies 239
13.4.3 Drought Governance 240
13.5 The Three Pillars of Drought Management 240
13.5.1 Pillar 1: Drought Monitoring and Early Warning Systems 241
13.5.2 Pillar 2: Drought Impact and Vulnerability Assessments 241
13.5.3 Pillar 3: Drought Preparedness Planning 242
13.5.4 A Range of Policy Instruments Including Insurance and Water Allocation Regimes 243
13.6 Drought in Mongolia 243
13.6.1 Pillars 1 and 2: Drought Monitoring, Impacts, and Vulnerability 244
13.6.2 Pillar 3: Drought Preparedness, Mitigation, and Response Strategies 245
13.7 The Example of the Middle East and North Africa Region 245
13.7.1 Pillar 1: Technical and Institutional Drought Monitoring Challenges 246
13.7.2 Pillars 2 and 3: Drought Management Institutional Coordination Challenges 247
13.7.3 Building Resilience The Moroccan Drought Insurance Example 248
13.8 Discussion 248
13.8.1 Case Studies Synthesis 248
13.8.2 Future Directions for Research 249
13.9 Conclusions 249
References 250
Part III Water Management 255
14 Water Resource System Modelling and Decision Analysis 257
Jim W. Hall, Edoardo Borgomeo, Mohammad MortazaviNaeini, and Kevin Wheeler
14.1 The Challenge of Sustainable Water Supply 257
14.2 The Water Resource System Problem 259
14.3 Dealing with Multiple Objectives 261
14.4 Variability and Risk 263
14.5 Uncertainty and Decisions 264
14.6 Embedding Simulation Modelling in Practical Decisionmaking 266
14.7 The Expanding Boundaries of Water Resource Systems 268
14.7.1 New Data Sources 268
14.7.2 Economics 268
14.7.3 Finance 269
14.7.4 Society 269
14.7.5 The Environment 269
14.8 Conclusions 270
References 271
15 Financing Water Infrastructure 275
Alex Money
15.1 Introduction 275
15.2 The Infrastructure Financing Challenge 276
15.3 Bridging the Gap 278
15.4 Stakeholder Collaboration and the Constructive Corporation 279
15.5 Hybridity and Blended Finance 280
15.6 Blended Returns on Investments in Infrastructure 282
15.7 Water Infrastructure Portfolio Management 283
15.8 Hybrid Income 284
15.9 Synthesis 285
15.10 Scaling the Model 286
15.11 Conclusion 286
References 287
16 Wastewater: From a Toxin to a Valuable Resource 291
David W.M. Johnstone, Saskia Nowicki, Abishek S. Narayan, and Ranu Sinha
16.1 Introduction 291
16.2 The Early Formative Years 291
16.3 Early FullScale Application and Process Development 294
16.4 The Age of Understanding 294
16.5 Some Important Legislative and Institutional Changes 295
16.6 More Understanding and a Plethora of Processes 296
16.7 The Question of Sludge 298
16.7.1 Heavy Metals 298
16.7.2 Toxic Organic Chemicals 299
16.7.3 Pathogens 299
16.8 A New Philosophy; A New Paradigm? 299
16.8.1 Water 300
16.8.2 Energy 300
16.8.3 Fertilisers 301
16.8.4 Phosphate 301
16.8.5 Other Recoverable Materials 301
16.9 The Uncollected and Untreated 301
16.9.1 Sewers 303
16.9.2 Innovative Institutional Arrangements 303
16.10 Concluding
Remarks 303
References 305
17 A Road Map to Sustainable Urban Water Supply 309
Michael Rouse and Nassim El Achi
17.1 Introduction 309
17.2 International Stimuli What Has Been Achieved? 309
17.2.1 A Brief History Before the Water Decade of 19811990 309
17.2.2 The Water Decade 19811990 310
17.2.3 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 312
17.3 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 312
17.3.1 Formation and Definitions 312
17.3.2 Water and Sanitation as a Human Right 313
17.4 Challenges to be Faced 314
17.4.1 Sustained Political Commitment to Goal 314
17.4.2 Reliable Data 315
17.4.3 Effective Planning 315
17.4.4 Water Resources 317
17.4.5 Water Distribution 318
17.4.6 City Planning 320
17.4.7 Finance 321
17.5 Reform Requirements 321
17.5.1 Phnom Penh 321
17.5.2 National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), Uganda 322
17.5.3 Chile 323
17.5.4 Singapore 324
17.5.5 Conclusions 324
17.6 Achieving Awareness of What Needs to Be Done 325
17.7 An Outline Road Map to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on Water 325
References 326
18 Equity and Urban Water Security 329
Katrina J. Charles, Thanti Octavianti, Erin Hylton, and Grace Remmington
18.1 Introduction 329
18.2 Urban Water Security: Framing the Global Challenge 330
18.2.1 Urban Water Security 330
18.2.2 The Importance of the Urban Space 331
18.2.3 The Challenge of Water Security for Urban Spaces 332
18.3 Tradeoffs in Urban Water Security 334
18.3.1 The Water Security Challenge 335
18.3.2 One Solution for a Complex Issue 335
18.3.3 Universal and Equitable Development 337
18.4 Inclusive Water Security: A Case Study of São Paulos Water 339
18.5 Conclusions 340
References 341
19 Reflections on Water Security and Humanity 345
David Grey
19.1 Introduction 345
19.2 Human Origins and Water: Then and Now 346
19.2.1 African Beginnings 346
19.2.2 The Nile 346
19.2.3 The Tigris and Euphrates 347
19.2.4 The Indus 347
19.2.5 What Might We Learn from These Reflections? 348
19.3 Water Security and Risk 349
19.4 Eight Major Global Water Security Challenges 351
19.4.1 The Dynamic Challenge of Water Security Risks in Changing Climates 351
19.4.2 The Challenge of Water Supply and Sanitation 352
19.4.3 The Challenge of Hunger 352
19.4.4 The Challenge of Floods 353
19.4.5 The Challenge of Drought 353
19.4.6 The Challenge of International and Transboundary Waters 354
19.4.7 The Challenge of Spillovers: From Local to Global 355
19.4.8 The Challenge for the Worlds Low Latitude Regions 355
19.5 Conclusions: Priorities and Pathways for Policymakers 356
19.5.1 Three Priorities for Investment 356
19.5.2 Pathways to Water Security 357
References 358
20 Charting the Worlds Water Future? 363
Simon J. Dadson, Edmund C. PenningRowsell, Dustin E. Garrick, Rob Hope,Jim W. Hall , and Jocelyne Hughes
20.1 Linking Water Science, Policy, and Management 363
20.2 Charting the Worlds Water Future: Five Key Challenges 363
20.3 A Vision for Interdisciplinary Water Education 365
Index 367
