FLIGHT THEORY AND AERODYNAMICS
GET A PILOT'S PERSPECTIVE ON FLIGHT AERODYNAMICS FROM THE MOST UP-TO-DATE EDITION OF A CLASSIC TEXT
The newly revised Fourth Edition ofFlight Theory and Aerodynamics delivers a pilot-oriented approach to flight aerodynamics without assuming an engineering background. The book connects the principles of aerodynamics and physics to their practical applications in a flight environment. With content that complies with FAA rules and regulations, readers will learn about atmosphere, altitude, airspeed, lift, drag, applications for jet and propeller aircraft, stability controls, takeoff, landing, and other maneuvers.
The latest edition ofFlight Theory and Aerodynamics takes the classic textbook first developed by Charles Dole and James Lewis in a more modern direction and includes learning objectives, real world vignettes, and key idea summaries in each chapter to aid in learning and retention. Readers will also benefit from the accompanying online materials, like a test bank, solutions manual, and FAA regulatory references.
Updated graphics included throughout the book correlate to current government agency standards. The book also includes:
A thorough introduction to basic concepts in physics and mechanics, aerodynamic terms and definitions, and the primary and secondary flight control systems of flown aircraftAn exploration of atmosphere, altitude, and airspeed measurement, with an increased focus on practical applicationsPractical discussions of structures, airfoils, and aerodynamics, including flight control systems and their characteristicsIn-depth examinations of jet aircraft fundamentals, including material on aircraft weight, atmospheric conditions, and runway environmentsNew step-by-step examples of how to apply math equations to real-world situations
Perfect for students and instructors in aviation programs such as pilot programs, aviation management, and air traffic control,Flight Theory and Aerodynamics will also appeal to professional pilots, dispatchers, mechanics, and aviation managers seeking a one-stop resource explaining the aerodynamics of flight from the pilot's perspective.
Preface xi
About the Authors xiii
About the Companion Website xv
1 Introduction to the Flight Environment 1
Chapter Objectives 1
Introduction 2
Basic Quantities 2
Forces 3
Mass 4
Scalar and Vector Quantities 5
Moments 7
Equilibrium Conditions 8
Newtons Laws of Motion 8
Linear Motion 9
Rotational Motion 11
Energy and Work 11
Power 12
Friction 13
Symbols 14
Key Terms 15
Problems 16
2 Atmosphere, Altitude, and Airspeed Measurement 19
Chapter Objectives 19
Properties of the Atmosphere 19
ICAO Standard Atmosphere 24
Altitude Measurement 24
Continuity Equation 29
Bernoullis Equation 30
Airspeed Measurement 31
Symbols 38
Key Terms 39
Problems 40
3 Structures, Airfoils, and Aerodynamic Forces 43
Chapter Objectives 43
Aircraft Structures 43
Airfoils 52
Development of Forces on Airfoils 58
Aerodynamic Force 59
Aerodynamic Pitching Moments 61
Aerodynamic Center 63
Accident Brief: Air Midwest Flight 5481 63
Symbols 64
Key Terms 64
Problems 65
4 Lift 69
Chapter Objectives 69
Introduction to Lift 69
Angle of Attack 70
Boundary Layer Theory 71
Reynolds Number 74
Adverse Pressure Gradient 76
Airflow Separation 77
Stall 78
Aerodynamic Force Equations 79
Lift Equation 80
Airfoil Lift Characteristics 84
High Coefficient of Lift Devices 85
Effect of Ice and Frost 89
Lift During Flight Maneuvers 90
Symbols 93
Key Terms 93
Problems 93
5 Drag 97
Chapter Objectives 97
Induced Drag 98
Ground Effect 105
Laminar Flow Airfoils 109
Parasite Drag 110
Drag Equation 114
Total Drag 115
Lift-to-Drag Ratio 117
Drag Reduction 119
Symbols 121
Key Terms 122
Problems 122
6 Jet Aircraft Performance 125
Chapter Objectives 125
Thrust-Producing Aircraft 126
Thrust-Required Curve 129
Principles of Propulsion 130
Thrust-Available Turbojet Aircraft 132
Specific Fuel Consumption 133
Fuel Flow 136
Thrust-Available/Thrust-Required Curves 137
Items of Aircraft Performance 139
Variations in the Thrust-Required Curve 146
Symbols 156
Key Terms 157
Problems 157
7 Propeller Aircraft Performance 161
Chapter Objectives 161
Power Available 162
Principles of Propulsion 166
Power-Required Curves 169
Items of Aircraft Performance 175
Variations in the Power-Required Curve 183
Symbols 193
Key Terms 194
Problems 194
8 Takeoff Performance 199
Chapter Objectives 199
Normal Takeoff 201
Improper Liftoff 206
Rejected Takeoffs 207
Initial Climb 213
Linear Motion 215
Factors Affecting Takeoff Performance 218
Symbols 224
Key Terms 224
Problems 225
9 Landing Performance 229
Chapter Objectives 229
Prelanding Performance 231
Normal Landing 238
Improper Landing Performance 244
Hazards of Hydroplaning 247
Landing Deceleration, Velocity, and Distance 250
Landing Equations 255
Symbols 260
Key Terms 260
Problems 261
10 Slow-Speed Flight 265
Chapter Objectives 265
Region of Reversed Command 266
Stalls 270
Spins 278
Hazards During Slow-Speed Flight Low-Level Wind Shear 283
Aircraft Performance in Low-Level Wind Shear 285
Hazards During Slow-Speed Flight Wake Turbulence 289
Key Terms 292
Problems 292
11 Maneuvering Performance 295
Chapter Objectives 295
General Turning Performance 295
Load Factor 297
TheVGDiagram (Flight Envelope) 303
Load Factor and Flight Maneuvers 308
Symbols 316
Key Terms 316
Problems 317
12 Longitudinal Stability and Control 319
Chapter Objectives 319
Definitions 320
Oscillatory Motion 322
Weight and Balance 323
Airplane Reference Axes 328
Static Longitudinal Stability 329
Dynamic Longitudinal Stability 341
Pitching Tendencies in a Stall 342
Longitudinal Control 345
Symbols 347
Key Terms 347
Problems 348
13 Directional and Lateral Stability 351
Chapter Objectives 351
Static Directional Stability 352
Directional Control 359
Multi-Engine Flight Principles 364
Lateral Stability and Control 368
Static Lateral Stability 368
Lateral Control 374
Dynamic Directional and Lateral Coupled Effects 374
Symbols 380
Key Terms 380
Problems 380
14 High-Speed Flight 385
Chapter Objectives 385
The Speed of Sound 386
High-Subsonic Flight 389
Design Features for High-Subsonic Flight 390
Transonic Flight 395
Supersonic Flight 399
Symbols 411
Key Terms 411
Problems 412
15 Rotary-Wing Flight Theory 415
Chapter Objectives 415
Momentum Theory of Lift 417
Airfoil Selection 417
Forces on Rotor System 418
Thrust Development 420
Hovering Flight 420
Ground Effect 423
Rotor Systems 425
Dissymmetry of Lift in Forward Flight 426
High Forward Speed Problems 429
Helicopter Control 432
Helicopter Power-Required Curves 433
Power Settling, Settling with Power, and Vortex Ring State 435
Autorotation 437
Dynamic Rollover 440
Problems 440
Answers to Problems 443
Bibliography 447
Index 451
