In his Second Paralogism of the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant described what he called the Achilles of all dialectical inferences in the pure doctrine of the soul. This argument, which he took to be powerful yet fatally flawed, purports to establish the simplicity of the human mind, or soul, on the basis of the unity of consciousness. In Kants illustration, the unity had by our perception of a verse cannot be accounted for if the words of the verse are distributed among parts thought to compose the mind. The argument, or at least the unity of consciousness that underpins it, has a history extending from Plato to the present. Moreover, many philosophers have extended the argument, some of them using to argue such views as immortality.

It is the aim of this volume to treat the major figures who have advanced the argument, or who have held views importantly bearing on it. Original essays by scholars with expertise on the relevant authors treat Plato, Aristotle, the Neoplatonists, the medievals, Descartes, Locke, Cudworth, Bayle, Clarke, Spinoza, Leibniz. Hume, Mendelsohn, Kant, Lotze, James, as well as those working in contemporary cognitive science on what is called the binding problem of how the human brain can unify the elements of experience into a single representation.

Did Plato Articulate the Achilles Argument?.- Aristotle on the Unity of Consciousness.- The Neoplatonic Achilles.- The Unity of the Soul and Contrary Appetites in Medieval Philosophy.- Hume, Spinoza and the Achilles Inference.- Locke and the Achilles Argument.- The Reverse Achilles in Locke.- Cudworth and Bayle: An Odd Couple?.- The Achilles Argument and the Nature of Matter in the Clarke Collins Correspondence.- Leibnizs Achilles.- Humes Reply to the Achilles Argument.- Kant and Mendelssohn on the Implications of the I Think.- Kant on the Achilles Argument.- William James and the Achilles Argument.- The Binding Problem: Achilles in the 21st Century.