This book addresses the historiography of mathematics as it was practiced during the 19th and 20th centuries by paying special attention to the cultural contexts in which the history of mathematics was written.

In the 19th century, the history of mathematics was recorded by a diverse range of people trained in various fields and driven by different motivations and aims. These backgrounds often shaped not only their writing on the history of mathematics, but, in some instances, were also influential in their subsequent reception.

During the period from roughly 1880-1940, mathematics modernized in important ways, with regard to its content, its conditions for cultivation, and its identity; and the writing of the history of mathematics played into the last part in particular.

Parallel to the modernization of mathematics, the history of mathematics gradually evolved into a field of research with its own journals, societies and academic positions. Reflecting both

a new professional identity and changes in its primary audience, various shifts of perspective in the way the history of mathematics was and is written can still be observed to this day. Initially concentrating on major internal, universal developments in certain sub-disciplines of mathematics, the field gradually gravitated towards a focus on contexts of knowledge production involving individuals, local practices, problems, communities, and networks.

The goal of this book is to link these disciplinary and methodological changes in the history of mathematics to the broader cultural contexts of its practitioners, namely the historians of mathematics during the period in question.

Introductory remarks.- The History of Mathematics in the Progress of Mankind. Modifying the Narrative around 1800.- Practicing History of Mathematics in Islamicate Societies in the 19th-century Germany and France.- Mesopotamian Mathematics, seen "from the inside" (by Assyriologists) and "from the outside" (by Historians of Mathematics).- Appropriating Role Models for the Mathematical Profession: Biographies in the American Mathematical Monthly around 1900.- Greek Mathematics in English: The Work of Sir Thomas L. Heath (1861{1940).- Otto Neugebauer's Vision for Rewriting the History of Ancient Mathematics.- The `Mathematization of Nature': The Making of a Concept, and How It Has Fared In Later Years.- Histories of Modern Mathematics in English in the 1940s, 50s, and 60s.- Polycephalic Euclid? Collective Practices in Bourbaki's History of Mathematics.- Pulling Harriot out of Newton's shadow: How the Norwegian Outsider Johannes Lohne Came to Contribute to Mainstream History of Mathematics.- Contextualizing Unguru's 1975 Attack on the Historiography of Ancient Greek Mathematics.- Table of graphics.- Name index.