Beatrice Bressan is a science and technology writer and an expert consultant for companies and associations. After a degree in Mathematical Physics (La Sapienza University, Rome) and a Master in Science Communication (ISAS, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste), Italy, she obtained a PhD and carried out a postdoctoral study in Knowledge Management and Technology Transfer for the Department of Physical Sciences of Helsinki University, Finland, within the research programmes of CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. She has worked as Technology Transfer Promotion Officer at CERN and as Scientific Journalist for EMI, the European Middleware Initiative at INFN (the Italian
National Institute of Nuclear Physics) and for ENEL (the Italian National Electricity Entity). Her managerial positions include: Responsible for the TOTEM experiment Outreach (CERN); Head of Communications (SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics); Communications Manager (Physics Department, Geneva University); Communications Director (MaatG Cloud Computing Company), Switzerland, and Chief Business Development Officer (gnubila Software Development Company), France. She is member of EUSJA (European Union of Science Journalists? Associations) and has extensive experience in project management, business development, media publishing, public relations, mediation and negotiation. She is author and editor in a wide range of subject areas, among her publications: A History of International Research Networking (Wiley, 2010), Knowledge Management in an International Research Centre (Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011).
Contributors' CVs XIII
Foreword XXI
List of Acronyms XXIII
List of Units XXXI
1 Introduction 1
Sergio Bertolucci
Part I Knowledge Management and Technology Transfer in an Organization 3
2 Knowledge Management: From Theory to Practice 5
Beatrice Bressan and Daan Boom
2.1 Knowledge-Based and Innovative Organization 5
2.2 The Theory of Knowledge 7
2.2.1 Tacit and Explicit Knowledge 8
2.2.2 The SECI Model and the Knowledge Creation Spiral 9
2.2.3 The Two Dimensions and the Two Spirals of Knowledge Creation 11
2.2.4 The Five Conditions and the Five Phases in Two Dimensions 13
2.3 The Core Processes of Managing Knowledge 18
2.3.1 Knowledge Outputs and Outcomes 19
2.4 The Knowledge Worker 31
2.4.1 The Individual Learning Process 33
2.4.2 Scientific, Technological and Social Processes 36
2.4.3 Concept Formation and the Hierarchical Levels of Conceptualization 37
2.5 The Knowledge Creation, Acquisition, and Transfer Model 39
2.6 Knowledge Management: A Case Study of CERN 41
2.6.1 The LHC Case Study Survey 47
Part II Examples of Knowledge and Technology Transfer 57
Section 1 Linking Information 59
3 WWW and More 61
Robert Cailliau
3.1 The First Page 62
3.2 Influences on the History of the Web 64
3.2.1 A Matter of Age 64
3.2.2 The Approach 64
3.3 CERNs Role 65
3.3.1 A Possible Definition 65
3.3.2 Making it Work 66
3.3.3 On Documents 66
3.3.4 The Director General 66
3.3.5 Al Gore, the LHC, and the Rest is History 67
3.4 What-if Musings 68
3.4.1 Money, Money, Money . . . 68
3.4.2 And if Not? 69
3.5 The Dark Sides of the Force 70
3.5.1 Techies 70
3.5.2 Global Heating 72
3.5.3 Sin by Omission 72
3.6 Good Stuff 73
3.6.1 Public Domain 73
3.6.2 The Conferences 74
3.6.3 The Consortium 75
3.7 On the Nature of Computing 76
3.7.1 Copy 76
3.7.2 See 77
3.7.3 Understand 77
3.7.4 Remember 77
3.7.5 Interact 78
3.7.6 Share 78
3.7.7 Think 78
3.8 Science Un-human 79
3.9 Lessons to be Learned 80
3.10 Conclusions 80
4 Grid and Cloud 81
Bob Jones
4.1 Why a Grid? 82
4.2 A Production Infrastructure 85
4.3 Transferring Technology: Grids in Other Science Domains 86
4.4 How CERN Openlab has Contributed to the WLCG Grid 86
4.5 Four Basic Principles 87
4.6 Three-Year Phases 88
4.7 EGEE to EGI Transition 90
4.8 Lessons Learned and Anticipated Evolution 91
4.9 Transferring Technology: Grids in Business 92
4.10 Sharing Resources Through Grids 94
4.11 What are the Hurdles? 94
4.12 Philips Research: Scientific Simulation, Modelling and Data Mining Supports Healthcare 95
4.13 Finance: Stock Analysis Application 95
4.14 Multimedia: GridVideo 96
4.15 Imense: From Laboratory to Market 97
4.16 Total, UK 97
4.17 Seismic Imaging and Reservoir Simulation: CGG Veritas Reaping Benefits from the Grid 98
4.18 Societal Impact 99
5 The Touch Screen Revolution 103
Bent Stumpe
5.1 The Birth of a Touch Screen 103
5.2 The Novelty for the Control Room of the CERN SPS Accelerator 106
5.3 A Touch Screen as Replacement for Mechanical Buttons 110
5.4 Attempts at Early Knowledge Transfer 111
5.5 Evolution Turned Into Revolution 113
5.6 Touch Screen and Human Behaviour 115
Section 2 Developing Future 117
6 Solar Thermal Electricity Plants 119
Cayetano Lopez
6.1 The Four STE Technologies 120
6.2 Optical Issues in the STE Plant 124
6.2.1 Solar Concentrators 124
6.2.2 Selective and Anti-Reflective Coatings 124
6.2.3 Thermography 128
6.3 Thermodynamic Issues in the STE Plant 131
6.4 Issues in STE Plants Related to Heat Transfer 134
6.5 Thermal Storage of Energy 137
6.6 Fluid Mechanics 138
7 Computers and Aviation 141
Antony Jameson
7.1 Computing in Structural and Aerodynamic Analysis 145
7.2 Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing 149
7.3 Fly-By-Wire and Other On-Board Systems 151
7.4 Airborne Software 154
7.5 Ground-Based Computer Systems 155
7.6 Conclusions 156
8 Antimatter Pushing Boundaries 159
Niels Madsen
8.1 Science and the Unknown 159
8.2 Antimatter and CERN 162
8.2.1 Antimatter at the LHC 164
8.2.2 The CERN Antimatter Facility 164
8.3 The Anti-World in Everyday Life 167
8.4 Beyond the Present Day 169
Section 3 Sustainability and Learning 171
9 Towards a Globally Focussed Earth Simulation Centre 173
Robert Bishop
9.1 A String of Disasters 174
9.2 Now is the Time 176
9.3 A Global Synthesis of Knowledge 176
9.4 Modelling and Simulation as a Platform for Collaboration 177
9.5 Advances in High-Performance Computing 178
9.6 Creating Value from Massive Data Pools 179
9.7 Interactive and Immersive 4D Visualizations 180
9.8 Leveraging the Many Layers of Computing 182
9.9 Getting a Complete Picture of the Whole Earth 183
9.10 Influence of the Solar System 184
9.11 Prediction and Uncertainty of Extreme Events 186
9.12 Impact on Cities and Bioregions 189
9.13 Towards Urban Resilience 190
9.14 Modelling the Whole-Earth System: A Challenge Whose Time has Come! 191
10 Radiation Detection in Environment and Classrooms 195
Michael Campbell
10.1 The Origins of the Hybrid Pixel Detector 196
10.2 Hybrid Pixel Detectors for High-Energy Physics 197
10.3 Hybrid Pixel Detectors for Imaging: The Medipix Chips 199
10.4 Applications 205
10.4.1 Medical X-Ray Imaging 205
10.4.2 Biology 206
10.4.3 X-Ray Materials Analysis 207
10.4.4 Gas Detector Readout 208
10.4.5 Radiation Monitoring 209
10.4.6 Chemistry 210
10.4.7 Dosimetry in Space 210
10.4.8 Education 211
10.4.9 Art Meets Science 212
10.5 Back to High-Energy Physics 213
10.6 Collaboration, Organization and Serendipity 214
11 Theory for Development 215
Fernando Quevedo
11.1 The Importance of Theoretical Research Through History 216
11.2 Knowledge Management and Science for Peace 219
Part III Economic Aspects of Knowledge Management and Technology Transfer 227
12 Innovation and Big Data 229
Edwin Morley-Fletcher
12.1 The Wealth of Nations: Agriculture, the Division of Labour, or Profits? 230
12.2 Industrialization and/or Exploitation 231
12.3 Perfect Competition, the Disappearance of Profits, Economies of Scale 232
12.4 Creative Destruction 233
12.5 Risk and Uncertainty 235
12.6 Accumulation Without Innovation 236
12.7 The Real Engine of Economic Growth 237
12.8 Endogenous Technological Change 238
12.9 The Appropriate Set of Market and Non-Market Institutions 239
12.10 Limitless Knowledge 241
12.11 Post-Scarcity and Networks 242
12.12 Intellectual Property Rights 244
12.13 Governments Support of Scientific Research 245
12.14 The Remaining Scarce Resource is Human Creativity 246
12.15 Different Organizational Modes for Overcoming Uncertainty 247
12.16 Information and Allocation Gains of Peer Production 248
12.17 An Ecosystem of Technologies Leading to the Singularity? 250
12.18 Big Data Analytics and Data-Intensive Healthcare 251
13 Universities and Corporations: The Case of Switzerland 255
Spyros Arvanitis and Martin Woerter
13.1 Background 255
13.2 KTT Activities in the Swiss Economy: The Main Facts from the Firms Point of View 261
13.2.1 Forms and Partners of KTT Activities 262
13.2.2 Technological Fields of KTT-Active and R&D-Active Firms 267
13.2.3 Mediating Institutions and Motives for KTT Activities 268
13.2.4 Impact of KTT Activities as Assessed by the Firms 270
13.2.5 Obstacles to KTT Activities 272
13.3 KTT Activities in the Swiss Economy: The Main Facts from the Science Institution Point of View 276
13.3.1 Incidence and Forms of KTT Activities 276
13.3.2 Mediating Institutions and Obstacles of KTT Activities 276
13.4 Analytical Part: Exploration of KTT Activities in Switzerland 278
13.4.1 Drivers of KTT Activities from the Point of View of the Firm 279
13.4.2 KTT Activities Determinants from the University Point of View 284
13.4.3 Impact of KTT Activities on Innovation and Labour Productivity 288
13.4.4 KTT Strategies Determinants and their Impact on Innovation Performance 291
13.4.5 Exploration and Exploitation 294
13.4.6 Technological Proximity Between Firms and Universities and TT 299
13.5 Conclusion 302
14 Conclusion 307
Marilena Streit-Bianchi
Author Index 311
Index 317
