Philanthropic European Jewish Bankers, Clara and Baron Maurice De Hirsch benefactored hundreds of billions of todays dollars, principally for the emigration of Russian Jews to seek economic opportunity. Besides donating to Jewish European charities, they also undertook, in the Americas, the Jewish Farming movement as well as helping those who dwelt in cities. Baron de Hirsch's unprecedented experiments in South America and in the United States by the JAS, provided knowledge, energy and optimism that four Jewish national organization sculd produce the successful Agro-Joint project. Sometimes Russian Jewry "exported" ideas and practices. Other times it absorbed them from abroad. Through the interchange, Jewish communities on four continents became solidly intertwined.

Designated as an Advanced Practitioner by the Assn. Conflict Resolution, ARTHUR L. FINKLE specializes in labor relations' mediation. Listed in Marquis' Who's Who (2011); Who's Who in Government; Who's Who in American Education; & Who' s Who in American Law, he authored sixteen books; 4-book chapters; numerous business & religious articles