InhaltsangabeAn Introduction to Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemical Principles and Ecological Diversity.- Discovery of Dark CO2 Fixation.- Biochemistry.- Phenotypic Plasticity.- Ecophysiology and Species Diversity.- Conclusions.- References.- A: Biochemistry of Carbon Flow During Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Preface.- 1 Stoichiometric Nightmares: Studies of Photosynthetic O2 and CO2 Exchanges in CAM Plants.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Simultaneous Measurements of O2 and CO2Exchange Using an O2/CO2 Electrode System.- 1.3 Photosynthetic O2/CO2 Stoichiometry During C3 Photosynthesis in Phase IV.- 1.4 Photosynthetic O2/CO2 Exchanges During Deacidification in Phase III.- 1.5 Photosynthetic O2/CO2 Exchanges During Acidification in Phase I.- 1.6 Conclusions.- References.- 2 Alternative Carbohydrate Reserves Usedin the Daily Cycle of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Division of CAM Plants into Two Metabolic Groups.- 2.3 The Use of Soluble Sugars Versus Polysaccharides as a Carbohydrate Reserve.- 2.4 Sequences of Biochemical Reactions in the Daily Use of Hexoses Versus Starch in CAM.- 2.5 Bioenergetics in Different Groups of CAM Plants.- 2.6 Conclusions.- References.- 3 Roles of Circadian Rhythms, Light and Temperature in the Regulation of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase in Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Phosphorylation of PEPC in Intact Tissue.- 3.3 Properties and Regulation of PEPC Kinase and Phosphatase.- 3.4 Effects of Light and Temperature on PEPC-Kinase Activity.- 3.5 Conclusions.- References.- 4 Transport Across the Vacuolar Membrane in CAM Plants.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Osmotic and Ionic Relations of the Vacuole.- 4.2.1 Osmotic Characteristics.- 4.2.2 Ionic Characteristics.- 4.3 Malic Acid Accumulation in the Vacuole.- 4.3.1 Primary Active H+ Transport.- 4.3.2 Malate Transport into the Vacuole.- 4.3.3 Sodium Chloride Accumulation.- 4.4 Malic Acid Remobilization from the Vacuole.- References.- 5 The Tonoplast as a Target of Temperature Effects in Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Possible Implications of the Temperature-Dependent Phase Behaviour of Tonoplast Lipids for CAM.- 5.3 Experimental Approaches.- 5.4 Outlook.- References.- 6 Regulation of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Kalanchoe pinnata as Studied by Gas Exchange and Measurements of Chlorophyll Fluorescence.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Control of Photosystem II and of Linear Electron Transport.- 6.3 Malate Decarboxylation.- 6.4 Photorespiration.- 6.5 pH-Sensitivity of Photosynthesis.- 6.6 Proton Transport Across the Tonoplast.- 6.7 Light-Dependent Cytosolic Alkalinization.- 6.8 Metabolic Regulation of CAM.- 6.9 Conclusions.- References.- 7 Energy Dissipation and the Xanthophyll Cycle in CAM Plants.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Energy Dissipation and the Xanthophyll Cycle.- 7.2.1 Relationship Between Zeaxanthin Accumulation and Energy Dissipation.- 7.2.2 Evidence in Support of Zeaxanthin's Role in Energy Dissipation.- 7.2.2.1 Dithiothreitol, an Inhibitor of Violaxanthin De-Epoxidase.- 7.2.2.2 Energy Dissipation in Lichens.- 7.2.2.3 The Reduction State of Photosystem II.- 7.2.2.4 Energy Dissipation in the Absence of Excess Energy.- 7.3 The Xanthophyll Cycle and the Light Environment.- 7.3.1 Diurnal Changes Under Natural Conditions.- 7.3.2 Acclimation to Different Light Environments.- 7.4 Evidence from CAM Plants.- 7.4.1 Energy Dissipation in the Field.- 7.4.2 Acclimation.- 7.4.2.1 Low Light Versus High Light.- 7.4.2.2 Within a Leaf.- 7.4.3 Photoinhibition.- 7.5 Conclusions.- References.- B: Environmental and Developmental Control of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Preface.- 8 Factors Affecting the Induction of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Discovery of Induction of CAM in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum by Water Stress in Controlled Environments.- 8.3 Induction of CAM in a Natural Habitat.- 8.4 Acceleration of Vegetative and Reproductive Growth Under Long Days.- 8.5 Effe