The period in the foundations of mathematics that started in 1879 with the publication of Frege's Begriffsschrift and ended in 1931 with Gödel's Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I can reasonably be called the classical period. It saw the development of three major foundational programmes: the logicism of Frege, Russell and Whitehead, the intuitionism of Brouwer, and Hilbert's formalist and proof-theoretic programme. In this period, there were also lively exchanges between the various schools culminating in the famous Hilbert-Brouwer controversy in the 1920s. The purpose of this anthology is to review the programmes in the foundations of mathematics from the classical period and to assess their possible relevance for contemporary philosophy of mathematics. What can we say, in retrospect, about the various foundational programmes of the classical period and the disputes that took place between them? To what extent do the classical programmes of logicism, intuitionism and formalism represent options that are still alive today? These questions are addressed in this volume by leading mathematical logicians and philosophers of mathematics. The volume will be of interest primarily to researchers and graduate students of philosophy, logic, mathematics and theoretical computer science. The material will be accessible to specialists in these areas and to advanced graduate students in the respective fields.

Sten Lindström is Professor of Philosophy at Umeå University and has been a Research Fellow at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS). He has published papers on intensional logic, belief revision and philosophy of language, and co-edited the books Logic, Action and Cognition: Essays in Philosophical Logic (Kluwer, 1997) and Collected Papers of Stig Kanger with Essays on his Life and Work, I-II (Kluwer, 2001). Erik Palmgren is Professor of Mathematics at Uppsala University. His research interests are mainly mathematical logic and the foundations of mathematics. He is presently working on the foundational programme of replacing impredicative constructions by inductive constructions in mathematics, with special emphasis on point-free topology and topos theory. Krister Segerberg is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Uppsala University and the University of Auckland. He is the author of papers in modal logic, the logic of action, belief revision and deontic logic, as well as the books An Essay in Classical Modal Logic (1971) and Classical Propositional Operators: An Exercise in the Foundations of Logic (1982). Viggo Stoltenberg-Hansen is professor of Mathematical Logic at Uppsala University. His main interests include computability and constructivity in mathematics.

Preface.- Notes on the Contributors.- Introduction; Sten Lindström, Erik Palmgren.- I. LOGICISM AND NEO-LOGICISM.- Protocol Sentences for Lite Logicism; John Burgess.- Frege''s Context Principle and Reference to Natural Numbers; Öystein Linnebo.-The Measure of Scottish Neo-Logicism; Stewart Shapiro.- Natural Logicism via the Logic of Orderly Pairing; Neil Tennant.- II. INTUITIONISM AND CONSTRUCTIVE MATHEMATICS.- A Constructive Version of the Lusin Separation Theorem; Peter Aczel.- Dini''s Theorem in the Light of Reverse Mathematics; Josef Berger, Peter Schuster.- Journey in Apartness Space; Douglas Bridges, Luminita Vita.- Relativisation of Real Numbers to a Universe; Hajime Ishihara.-100 years of Zermelo''s Axiom of Choice: What Was the Problem With It?; Per Martin-Löf.-Intuitionism and the Anti-Justification of Bivalence; Peter Pagin.-From Intuitionistic to Point-Free Topology; Erik Palmgren.-Program Extraction in Constructive Mathematics; Helmut Schwichtenberg.-Brouwer''s Approximate Fixed-Point Theorem is Equivalent to Brouwer''s Fan Theorem; Wim Veldman.- III. FORMALISM.- "Gödel''s Modernism: On Set-Theoretic Incompleteness,"Revisited; Mark van Atten, Juliette Kennedy.-Tarski''s Practice and Philosophy: Between Formalism and Pragmatism; Hourya Benis Sinaceur.-The Constructive Hilbert-Program and the Limits of Martin-Löf Type Theory; Michael Rathjen.- Categories, Structures, and the Frege-Hilbert Controversy: the Status of Meta-Mathematics; Stewart Shapiro.- Beyond Hilbert''s Reach?; Wilfried Sieg.-Hilbert and the Problem of Clarifying the Infinite; Sören Stenlund.- Index.