Mangalyaan was launched on November 5, 2013, to Mars by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). On October 2, 2022, ISRO declared that Mangalyaan had lost communications with Earth. Mars Color Camera (MCC) on-board Mangalyaan has taken thousands pictures of Mars. A full disk of Mars image observed by Viking is shown on the cover page of this book. Mars is covered by the dust as observed by Mangalyaan (from Arya et al., 2015).  This book presents the atmospheric and ionospheric results obtained from all missions to Mars. It also covers various atmospheric and ionospheric models of Mars. Broadly speaking, the planets atmosphere can be divided into two regions: lower and upper. These two regions can be coupled due to the propagation of energy from the lower to the upper atmosphere. The first-ever book on the aeronomy of Mars, this work is intended to help students and researchers familiarize themselves with the field of aeronomy. In addition, it helps planetary probe designers, engineers, and other users in the scientific community, e.g., planetary geologists and geophysicists.

Prof. S.A. Haider has worked at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India, for 25 years on the modeling studies of Martian atmosphere. During this period, he has published over eighty scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals, several review papers and book chapters. He has also edited a book on Modeling of Planetary Atmospheres, published by Macmillan. He is a recipient of several prestigious fellowships like the Russian Academy of Sciences Fellowship (Russia), JSPS Fellowship (Japan) and FAPESP Fellowship (Brazil). Based on his innovative work, he was elected fellow of all three academy of sciences in India and has also been elected president of planetary sciences 20122014 by Asia Oceania Geosciences Society.

Introduction.- Foundation of Ionospheric Theory.- Instruments for Ionospheric Measurements on Mars.- Exploration to Mars Atmosphere.- Thermal Structure of Mars Atmosphere.- Magnetic Field of Mars.- Upper Atmosphere of Mars.- Atmospheric Escape from Mars.- Upper Ionosphere of Mars.- Heating of the Upper Ionosphere of Mars.- Models of the Martian ionosphere.- Solar Flux for Ionospheric Modeling of Mars.- Cross Sections for Ionospheric Modeling of Mars.- Ionization Sources of Upper Ionosphere of Mars.- Mars Upper Ionospheric Disturbances.- Upper Ionosphere of Mars during Low, Medium and High Solar Activity.- Airglow on Mars.- Middle Ionosphere of Mars.- Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere of Mars.- Lower Atmosphere of Mars.- Trace Gases of Mars Atmosphere.- Seasonal Variability of Atmospheric Gases.- Infrared Thermal Emissions from Mars Atmosphere.- Lower Ionosphere of Mars.- Conductivity.- Dust Storm in the Lower Atmosphere of Mars.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.