High-performance digital systems use clocks to sequence operations and synchronize between functional units and between ICs. Clock frequencies and data rates have been increasing with each generation of processing technology and processor architecture. Phase locked-loops (PLLs) are widely used to generate well-timed on-chip clocks in high-performance digital systems. A PLL is a closed loop frequency system that locks the phase of an output signal to an input reference signal. PLLs are widely used in computer, radio, and telecommunications systems where it is necessary to stabilize a generated signal or to detect signals. The term lock refers to a constant or zero phase difference between two signals. The signal from the feedback path is compared to the input reference signal,until the two signals are locked. If the phase is unmatched, this is called the unlocked state, and the signal is sent to each component in the loop to correct the phase difference. These components consist of the Phase Frequency Detector (PFD), the charge pump (CP), the low pass filter (LPF), the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and divide by counter.

George Tom Varghese is currently pursuing Ph.D from National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, INDIA. His current area of research includes analog and mixed signal design. He did his M.Tech in VLSI Design and Embedded system from N.I.T. Rourkela in 2009.He worked as an assistant professor in ECE dept at ST.Joseph's College of Engineering,Palai.

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